FRHD-3070 Final Exam UPDATED
ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS
What is external validity? - correct answer -confidence level of whether a study's
findings will reflect in the real world
-high external validity is the goal when a researcher wants their results to be a representation
of the real world
-to increase external validity, randomization must be an integral part of an experiment
employment
External validity - correct answer -outside the study
-does the same thing happen in other settings? (other labs, everyday settings)
Internal validity - correct answer -inside the study
-was the research done right
Field experiments - correct answer -experimental research designs that are conducted
in a natural environment (e.g., library, a factory, or a school), rather than in a laboratory.
-applies the scientific method to examine an intervention in the real world
-possibility of contamination: experimental conditions can be controlled with more precision
and certainty in the lab
Ecological validity - correct answer -the ecological validity of a study means that the
methods, materials and setting of the study must approximate the real-world that is being
examined (not the same as external validity)
Generalizing to other populations: university students - correct answer -knowledge of
psychology
-similar age group: early adulthood
-high level of intelligence
,-weird
-its problematic because university students are smarter than most young adults in the
population
Generalizing to other populations: volunteers - correct answer -different from non-
volunteers
-more highly educated
-high level of conscientiousness (people pleaser)
-individual difference among volunteers
Generalizing to other populations: sex considerations - correct answer -is the study
mixed or single-gender?
-sometimes to much payed attention to gender sometimes not enough
-are there gender biases in the questions asked?
-are both genders interpreting questions in a similar manner?
Generalizing to other populations: cultural considerations - correct answer -racial and
ethnic composition of the sample
-used to be only white caucasian; now more culturally diverse
-operational definitions can be influenced by culture
-ex: eye contact in canada may mean paying attention but in a different culture it can mean
something quite different
Generalization as statistical interaction - correct answer -the problem of generalization
can be thought of as a statistical interaction
-include the subject variable as another independent variable in the study
-no interaction = generalizability
In defense of university students and rats - correct answer -we have learned and
continue to learn a great deal from animal models
-university students are increasingly diverse and representative of society
, -replicability of findings
Generalizing to other experimenters - correct answer -experimenter's influence on
participants must remain constant throughout the experiment
-experimenter personality characteristics and gender can also affect participants
-solution: use two or more experimenters
Pretests and generalization - correct answer should a pretest be given?
-helps assess possible mortality effects
-can use a solomon four-group design to assess any interaction between the iv and the pretest
variable
-pretests are not usually taken in the real world, they could possibly prime us all
Generalizing from laboratory settings - correct answer -controlled but artificial
environment
-field experiments can increase external validity (you want this)
-lab and field studies contribute to a greater understanding of human behaviour
Exact replications (pretty rare) - correct answer -an attempt to replicate precisely the
procedures of a study
-ascertain whether the same results are obtained with replication
Conceptual replications (done more frequently) - correct answer -the use of different
procedures to replicate a research finding
-the iv is manipulated in different ways than in the original study
-the dv can also be measured differently
Literature review - correct answer -summarizes what has been found
-tells the reader what findings are strongly/weakly supported
-exposes inconsistent findings and areas lacking proper research
ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS
What is external validity? - correct answer -confidence level of whether a study's
findings will reflect in the real world
-high external validity is the goal when a researcher wants their results to be a representation
of the real world
-to increase external validity, randomization must be an integral part of an experiment
employment
External validity - correct answer -outside the study
-does the same thing happen in other settings? (other labs, everyday settings)
Internal validity - correct answer -inside the study
-was the research done right
Field experiments - correct answer -experimental research designs that are conducted
in a natural environment (e.g., library, a factory, or a school), rather than in a laboratory.
-applies the scientific method to examine an intervention in the real world
-possibility of contamination: experimental conditions can be controlled with more precision
and certainty in the lab
Ecological validity - correct answer -the ecological validity of a study means that the
methods, materials and setting of the study must approximate the real-world that is being
examined (not the same as external validity)
Generalizing to other populations: university students - correct answer -knowledge of
psychology
-similar age group: early adulthood
-high level of intelligence
,-weird
-its problematic because university students are smarter than most young adults in the
population
Generalizing to other populations: volunteers - correct answer -different from non-
volunteers
-more highly educated
-high level of conscientiousness (people pleaser)
-individual difference among volunteers
Generalizing to other populations: sex considerations - correct answer -is the study
mixed or single-gender?
-sometimes to much payed attention to gender sometimes not enough
-are there gender biases in the questions asked?
-are both genders interpreting questions in a similar manner?
Generalizing to other populations: cultural considerations - correct answer -racial and
ethnic composition of the sample
-used to be only white caucasian; now more culturally diverse
-operational definitions can be influenced by culture
-ex: eye contact in canada may mean paying attention but in a different culture it can mean
something quite different
Generalization as statistical interaction - correct answer -the problem of generalization
can be thought of as a statistical interaction
-include the subject variable as another independent variable in the study
-no interaction = generalizability
In defense of university students and rats - correct answer -we have learned and
continue to learn a great deal from animal models
-university students are increasingly diverse and representative of society
, -replicability of findings
Generalizing to other experimenters - correct answer -experimenter's influence on
participants must remain constant throughout the experiment
-experimenter personality characteristics and gender can also affect participants
-solution: use two or more experimenters
Pretests and generalization - correct answer should a pretest be given?
-helps assess possible mortality effects
-can use a solomon four-group design to assess any interaction between the iv and the pretest
variable
-pretests are not usually taken in the real world, they could possibly prime us all
Generalizing from laboratory settings - correct answer -controlled but artificial
environment
-field experiments can increase external validity (you want this)
-lab and field studies contribute to a greater understanding of human behaviour
Exact replications (pretty rare) - correct answer -an attempt to replicate precisely the
procedures of a study
-ascertain whether the same results are obtained with replication
Conceptual replications (done more frequently) - correct answer -the use of different
procedures to replicate a research finding
-the iv is manipulated in different ways than in the original study
-the dv can also be measured differently
Literature review - correct answer -summarizes what has been found
-tells the reader what findings are strongly/weakly supported
-exposes inconsistent findings and areas lacking proper research
