FRHD 3070 Final Exam UPDATED
ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS
What are latent variables? - CORRECT ANSWER variables that are not directly
observable; hidden, unobservable
Ex. Poverty, intelligence, social status
What are operational definitions? - CORRECT ANSWER a sequence of steps,
procedures or operations that a researcher follows to obtain a measurement - needs to be able
to be replicated and be an acceptable and straight forward measure
What are the components of an observed score? - CORRECT ANSWER observed
score = true score + systematic error + random error
What is an observed score? - CORRECT ANSWER a score that is observed on a
questionnaire, exam etc.; it is the score you achieved
What are the three components of a variable? - CORRECT ANSWER - construct of
interest (achievement = true score)
- constructs of disinterest (motivation, test anxiety = systematic error)
- random errors (grading/recording mistakes)
How many levels of measurement are there? - CORRECT ANSWER 4 - nominal,
ordinal, interval, ratio
- strive for highest level of measurement but sometimes you don't need that level of precision
- add different features as you go up the levels of measurement
What are the lower levels of measurement typically measuring? - CORRECT
ANSWER less sophistication, simple tools and basic data
,What are the higher levels of measurement typically measuring? - CORRECT
ANSWER more sophistication, complex tools and more sophisticated data
What is the nominal level of measurement? - CORRECT ANSWER categorical, fits
only into one category; mutually exclusive; lowest level
- sex, religion, gender
What is the ordinal level of measurement? - CORRECT ANSWER there is an order to
it, low to high and ranked on a continuum; mutually exclusive and ranked
- letter grades, level of agreement, intervals are not the same but range from low to high
What is the interval level of meausement? - CORRECT ANSWER intervals between
adjacent categories, spaced out equally; mutually exclusive, ranked with equal intervals; can
have a zero but does numbers can go below
- temperature
What is the ratio level of measurement? - CORRECT ANSWER there is a zero point
which means there is a total absence of that characteristic; highest level of measurement; true
zero
- a 40 year old has lived twice as much as a 20 year old
What is correlation? - CORRECT ANSWER statistical measure of strength of
association between two variables (-1 to +1)
What is the absolute value of Pearson correlation? - CORRECT ANSWER r - effect
size that summarizes strength of relationship
What is considered a small or weak effect size? - CORRECT ANSWER r = 0.10
therefore range is anything less than 0.30
What is considered a moderate effect size? - CORRECT ANSWER r = 0.30 therefore
range is anything from 0.30 to 0.49
,What is considered a large or strong effect size? - CORRECT ANSWER r = 0.5
therefore range is anything 0.50 and above
What is reliability? - CORRECT ANSWER degree to which observed scores are free
from errors of measurement
- consistency, dependability, score doesn't vary because of measurement process
How many types of reliability are there? - CORRECT ANSWER 5
What is test-retest reliability? - CORRECT ANSWER correlation between scores on
same measure at two different time periods; reliability means that there is high correlation
between two measures between time A and B
- should be 0.70 or more
What if you have low correlation on test-retest reliability? - CORRECT ANSWER low
correlation means you have unreliable scale or your characteristics have changed
What if you have high correlation on test-retest reliabiltiy? - CORRECT ANSWER if
interval is short, high correlation means you may have memorized first time period results
What are some things to keep in mind with test-retest reliabilty? - CORRECT
ANSWER - leave at least a couple weeks between administrations
- long enough so you don't remember first but not extending it that you change your
characteristics
What is alternative-forms reliability? - CORRECT ANSWER two alternate forms, two
absolutely different sets of items/forms to measure same construct to ensure that people who
memorized their responses from time 1 can't repeat their answers
, What is split-half reliabiltiy? - CORRECT ANSWER single administration and split
responses to items in different way; split items 1-3 and compare to responses of 4-6 and look
at correlation between them; if high enough they should be measuring the same thing
What is the problem with split-half reliabiltiy? - CORRECT ANSWER there are many
ways to split the items
What is internal consistency reliability? - CORRECT ANSWER look at correlation
between all of the items using Cronbach's coefficient alpha
- it is the average of all split half reliabilities
What does Cronbach's alpha measure? - CORRECT ANSWER looks at correlations
and computer spits out value about how well these items hang together, how homogenous
they are ranging from 0-1
- should have at least 0.70
- concept needs to be UNI DIMENSIONAL
What is inter-rater reliability? - CORRECT ANSWER consistency among different
observers using the same instrument
What is validity? - CORRECT ANSWER the extent to which a measure reflects only
desired construct without contamination from other systematically-varying constructs
What is construct validity? - CORRECT ANSWER how well does the measure reflect
the construct you are interested in measuring
- umbrella term covering all other types of validity
What is face validity? - CORRECT ANSWER evaluated by group of judges and they
decide whether it measures what it claims to measure (face value)
- does definition of construct (anorexia) match the items of measure - do they represent that
definition?
ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS
What are latent variables? - CORRECT ANSWER variables that are not directly
observable; hidden, unobservable
Ex. Poverty, intelligence, social status
What are operational definitions? - CORRECT ANSWER a sequence of steps,
procedures or operations that a researcher follows to obtain a measurement - needs to be able
to be replicated and be an acceptable and straight forward measure
What are the components of an observed score? - CORRECT ANSWER observed
score = true score + systematic error + random error
What is an observed score? - CORRECT ANSWER a score that is observed on a
questionnaire, exam etc.; it is the score you achieved
What are the three components of a variable? - CORRECT ANSWER - construct of
interest (achievement = true score)
- constructs of disinterest (motivation, test anxiety = systematic error)
- random errors (grading/recording mistakes)
How many levels of measurement are there? - CORRECT ANSWER 4 - nominal,
ordinal, interval, ratio
- strive for highest level of measurement but sometimes you don't need that level of precision
- add different features as you go up the levels of measurement
What are the lower levels of measurement typically measuring? - CORRECT
ANSWER less sophistication, simple tools and basic data
,What are the higher levels of measurement typically measuring? - CORRECT
ANSWER more sophistication, complex tools and more sophisticated data
What is the nominal level of measurement? - CORRECT ANSWER categorical, fits
only into one category; mutually exclusive; lowest level
- sex, religion, gender
What is the ordinal level of measurement? - CORRECT ANSWER there is an order to
it, low to high and ranked on a continuum; mutually exclusive and ranked
- letter grades, level of agreement, intervals are not the same but range from low to high
What is the interval level of meausement? - CORRECT ANSWER intervals between
adjacent categories, spaced out equally; mutually exclusive, ranked with equal intervals; can
have a zero but does numbers can go below
- temperature
What is the ratio level of measurement? - CORRECT ANSWER there is a zero point
which means there is a total absence of that characteristic; highest level of measurement; true
zero
- a 40 year old has lived twice as much as a 20 year old
What is correlation? - CORRECT ANSWER statistical measure of strength of
association between two variables (-1 to +1)
What is the absolute value of Pearson correlation? - CORRECT ANSWER r - effect
size that summarizes strength of relationship
What is considered a small or weak effect size? - CORRECT ANSWER r = 0.10
therefore range is anything less than 0.30
What is considered a moderate effect size? - CORRECT ANSWER r = 0.30 therefore
range is anything from 0.30 to 0.49
,What is considered a large or strong effect size? - CORRECT ANSWER r = 0.5
therefore range is anything 0.50 and above
What is reliability? - CORRECT ANSWER degree to which observed scores are free
from errors of measurement
- consistency, dependability, score doesn't vary because of measurement process
How many types of reliability are there? - CORRECT ANSWER 5
What is test-retest reliability? - CORRECT ANSWER correlation between scores on
same measure at two different time periods; reliability means that there is high correlation
between two measures between time A and B
- should be 0.70 or more
What if you have low correlation on test-retest reliability? - CORRECT ANSWER low
correlation means you have unreliable scale or your characteristics have changed
What if you have high correlation on test-retest reliabiltiy? - CORRECT ANSWER if
interval is short, high correlation means you may have memorized first time period results
What are some things to keep in mind with test-retest reliabilty? - CORRECT
ANSWER - leave at least a couple weeks between administrations
- long enough so you don't remember first but not extending it that you change your
characteristics
What is alternative-forms reliability? - CORRECT ANSWER two alternate forms, two
absolutely different sets of items/forms to measure same construct to ensure that people who
memorized their responses from time 1 can't repeat their answers
, What is split-half reliabiltiy? - CORRECT ANSWER single administration and split
responses to items in different way; split items 1-3 and compare to responses of 4-6 and look
at correlation between them; if high enough they should be measuring the same thing
What is the problem with split-half reliabiltiy? - CORRECT ANSWER there are many
ways to split the items
What is internal consistency reliability? - CORRECT ANSWER look at correlation
between all of the items using Cronbach's coefficient alpha
- it is the average of all split half reliabilities
What does Cronbach's alpha measure? - CORRECT ANSWER looks at correlations
and computer spits out value about how well these items hang together, how homogenous
they are ranging from 0-1
- should have at least 0.70
- concept needs to be UNI DIMENSIONAL
What is inter-rater reliability? - CORRECT ANSWER consistency among different
observers using the same instrument
What is validity? - CORRECT ANSWER the extent to which a measure reflects only
desired construct without contamination from other systematically-varying constructs
What is construct validity? - CORRECT ANSWER how well does the measure reflect
the construct you are interested in measuring
- umbrella term covering all other types of validity
What is face validity? - CORRECT ANSWER evaluated by group of judges and they
decide whether it measures what it claims to measure (face value)
- does definition of construct (anorexia) match the items of measure - do they represent that
definition?
