PNR 309 TEST 2 UPDATED ACTUAL Questions and
CORRECT Answers
Gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD) Any clinically significant symptomatic condition or histopathological alteration
presumed to be secondary to reflux of gastric contents into the lower esophagus.
What is onset for chronic thyroiditis and what causes this? Often asymptomatic for a long time. Caused by abnormal blood antibodies and
WBC attacking/damaging thyroid cells
Predisposing conditions of GERD (4) 1. hiatal hernia
2. incompetent lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
3. decreased esophageal clearance from impaired esophageal motility
4. decreased gastric emptying
Complications of GERD Esophagitis (inflammation of the esophagus),
Barrett's esophagus (esophageal metaplasia),
respiratory complications,
aspiration pneumonia,
dental erosion.
Risk factors for Esophagitis hiatal hernia, chemical irritation from lye, and physical irritants such as smoking,
cold or hot liquids, and excessive alcoholic intake. Trauma to the esophagus may
also produce inflammation.
Diagnosing GERD Endoscopy, barium swallow
GERD treatments lifestyle modifications,
nutritional therapy,
drug therapy,
surgical/endoscopy therapy
What lifestyle modifications are suggested? smoking/alcohol cessation (or at least avoidance), avoid caffeine, lose weight if
able (maintain healthy wt)
What nutritional modifications? decrease high-fat foods, milk products, mints, carbonated beverages, acidic
foods/drinks
Drug therapy for GERD targets what? focused on improving LES function, increasing esophageal clearance, decreasing
volume and acidity of reflux, and protecting the esophageal mucosa.
What drugs can treat GERD (give name, class)? H2R blockers - Pepsid, Zantac;
PPIs - Losec, Pantoloc, Prevacid;
Antacids - Gaviscon, maalox (mylanta);
Prokinetic drugs - Metoclopramide
, Following administration of a dose of metoclopramide to C
the client, the nurse determines that the medication has
been effective when which of the following is noted?
a) Decreased blood pressure
b) Absence of muscle tremors
c) Relief of nausea and vomiting
d) absence of diarrhea
The nurse administered a dose of metoclopramide to a A - Extrapyramidal adverse effects, including tremors and dyskinesias, may occur
client and the client has symptoms of nausea. The nurse as a result of metoclopramide administration.
would teach the client to report which of the following
potential adverse effects?
a) Tremors
b) Constipation
c) Double vision
d) Numbness in the fingers and nose
The nurse is caring for a client with a diagnosis of B
diverticulitis and a history of irritable bowel disease and
gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD) who has
received a dose of Mylanta 30 mL PO. The nurse would
evaluate its effectiveness by questioning the client as to
whether which of the following symptoms has been
resolved?
a) Diarrhea
b) Heartburn
c)constipation
d) Lower abdominal pain
Hiatal hernia herniation of a portion of the stomach into the esophagus through an opening
(hiatus) in the diaphragm.
Two types of Hiatus Hernia are: sliding and paraesophageal (rolling).
Predisposing factors of herniation increased intra- abdominal pressure (including obesity, pregnancy, ascites,
tumours, tight corsets),
intense physical exertion,
heavy lifting on a continual basis, increased age,
trauma,
poor nutrition,
prolonged bed rest.
**Occurs more often in women
Diagnosing a hiatal hernia xray, barium swallow, endoscopy
Complications with hiatal hernias hemorrhage,
stenosis of esophagus, regurgitation/aspiration,
ulcers in herniated portion of stomach,
strangulation of hernia.
CORRECT Answers
Gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD) Any clinically significant symptomatic condition or histopathological alteration
presumed to be secondary to reflux of gastric contents into the lower esophagus.
What is onset for chronic thyroiditis and what causes this? Often asymptomatic for a long time. Caused by abnormal blood antibodies and
WBC attacking/damaging thyroid cells
Predisposing conditions of GERD (4) 1. hiatal hernia
2. incompetent lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
3. decreased esophageal clearance from impaired esophageal motility
4. decreased gastric emptying
Complications of GERD Esophagitis (inflammation of the esophagus),
Barrett's esophagus (esophageal metaplasia),
respiratory complications,
aspiration pneumonia,
dental erosion.
Risk factors for Esophagitis hiatal hernia, chemical irritation from lye, and physical irritants such as smoking,
cold or hot liquids, and excessive alcoholic intake. Trauma to the esophagus may
also produce inflammation.
Diagnosing GERD Endoscopy, barium swallow
GERD treatments lifestyle modifications,
nutritional therapy,
drug therapy,
surgical/endoscopy therapy
What lifestyle modifications are suggested? smoking/alcohol cessation (or at least avoidance), avoid caffeine, lose weight if
able (maintain healthy wt)
What nutritional modifications? decrease high-fat foods, milk products, mints, carbonated beverages, acidic
foods/drinks
Drug therapy for GERD targets what? focused on improving LES function, increasing esophageal clearance, decreasing
volume and acidity of reflux, and protecting the esophageal mucosa.
What drugs can treat GERD (give name, class)? H2R blockers - Pepsid, Zantac;
PPIs - Losec, Pantoloc, Prevacid;
Antacids - Gaviscon, maalox (mylanta);
Prokinetic drugs - Metoclopramide
, Following administration of a dose of metoclopramide to C
the client, the nurse determines that the medication has
been effective when which of the following is noted?
a) Decreased blood pressure
b) Absence of muscle tremors
c) Relief of nausea and vomiting
d) absence of diarrhea
The nurse administered a dose of metoclopramide to a A - Extrapyramidal adverse effects, including tremors and dyskinesias, may occur
client and the client has symptoms of nausea. The nurse as a result of metoclopramide administration.
would teach the client to report which of the following
potential adverse effects?
a) Tremors
b) Constipation
c) Double vision
d) Numbness in the fingers and nose
The nurse is caring for a client with a diagnosis of B
diverticulitis and a history of irritable bowel disease and
gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD) who has
received a dose of Mylanta 30 mL PO. The nurse would
evaluate its effectiveness by questioning the client as to
whether which of the following symptoms has been
resolved?
a) Diarrhea
b) Heartburn
c)constipation
d) Lower abdominal pain
Hiatal hernia herniation of a portion of the stomach into the esophagus through an opening
(hiatus) in the diaphragm.
Two types of Hiatus Hernia are: sliding and paraesophageal (rolling).
Predisposing factors of herniation increased intra- abdominal pressure (including obesity, pregnancy, ascites,
tumours, tight corsets),
intense physical exertion,
heavy lifting on a continual basis, increased age,
trauma,
poor nutrition,
prolonged bed rest.
**Occurs more often in women
Diagnosing a hiatal hernia xray, barium swallow, endoscopy
Complications with hiatal hernias hemorrhage,
stenosis of esophagus, regurgitation/aspiration,
ulcers in herniated portion of stomach,
strangulation of hernia.
