Fundamentals of Nursing
FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES OF NURSING
The Earliest Hospitals Established were the following:
a. Hospital Real de Manila (1577). It was established mainly to care for the Spanish King’s soldiers, but also
admitted Spanish civilians. Founded by Gov. Francisco de Sande
b. San Lazaro Hospital (1578) – built exclusively for patients with leprosy. Founded by Brother Juan Clemente
The Earliest Hospitals Established
a. Hospital de Indio (1586). Established by the Franciscan Order; Service was in general supported by alms and
contribution from charitable persons.
b. Hospital de Aguas Santas (1590). Established in Laguna, near a medicinal spring, Founded by Brother J.
Bautista of the Franciscan Order.
c. San Juan de Dios Hospital (1596). Founded by the Brotherhood de Misericordia and support was derived
from alms and rents. Rendered general health service to the public.
Nursing During the Philippine Revolution
The prominent persons involved in the nursing works were:
a. Josephine Bracken – wife of Jose Rizal. Installed a field hospital in an estate house in Tejeros. Provided
nursing care to the wounded night and day.
b. Rosa Sevilla De Alvero – converted their house into quarters for the Filipino soldier, during the Philippine-
American war that broke out in 1899.
c. Dona Hilaria de Aguinaldo – Wife of Emilio Aguinaldo; Organized the Filipino Red Cross under the
inspiration of Apolinario Mabini.
d. Dona Maria de Aguinaldo- second wife of Emilio Aguinaldo. Provided nursing care for the Filipino soldier
during the revolution. President of the Filipino Red Cross branch in Batangas.
e. Melchora Aquino (Tandang Sora) – Nurse the wounded Filipino soldiers and gave them shelter and food.
f. Captain Salome – A revolutionary leader in Nueva Ecija; provided nursing care to the wounded when not in
combat.
g. Agueda Kahabagan – Revolutionary leader in Laguna, also provided nursing services to her troop.
h. Trinidad Tecson – “Ina ng Biac na Bato”, stayed in the hospital at Biac na Bato to care for the wounded
soldier.
Hospitals and Nursing Schools
1. Iloilo Mission Hospital School of Nursing (Iloilo City, 1906)
- It was ran by the Baptist Foreign Mission Society of America.
- Miss Rose Nicolet, a graduate of New England Hospital for woman and children in Boston,
Massachusetts, was the first superintendent.
- Miss Flora Ernst, an American nurse, took charge of the school in 1942.
2. St. Paul’s Hospital School of Nursing (Manila, 1907)
- The hospital was established by the Archbishop of Manila, The Most Reverend Jeremiah Harty, under
the supervision of the Sisters of St. Paul de Chartres.
- It was located in Intramuros and it provided general hospital services.
3. Philippine General Hospital School of Nursing (1907)
- In 1907, with the support of the Governor General Forbes and the Director of Health and among others,
she opened classes in nursing under the auspices of the Bureau of Education.
- Anastacia Giron-Tupas, was the first Filipino to occupy the position of chief nurse and superintendent
in the Philippines, succeeded her.
4. St. Luke’s Hospital School of Nursing (Quezon City, 1907)
- The Hospital is an Episcopalian Institution. It began as a small dispensary in 1903. In 1907, the school
opened with three Filipino girls admitted.
- Mrs. Vitiliana Beltran was the first Filipino superintendent of nurses.
5. Mary Johnston Hospital and School of Nursing (Manila, 1907)
- It started as a small dispensary on Calle Cervantes (now Avenida)
- It was called Bethany Dispensary and was founded by the Methodist Mission.
- Miss Librada Javelera was the first Filipino director of the school.
6. Philippine Christian Mission Institute School of Nursing.
1
, Fundamentals of Nursing
- The United Christian Missionary of Indianapolis, operated Three schools of Nursing:
1. Sallie Long Read Memorial Hospital School of Nursing (Laoag, Ilocos Norte,1903)
2. Mary Chiles Hospital School of Nursing (Manila, 1911)
3. Frank Dunn Memorial Hospital
7. San Juan de Dios Hospital School of Nursing (Manila, 1913)
8. Emmanuel Hospital School of Nursing (Capiz,1913)
9. Southern Island Hospital School of Nursing (Cebu,1918)
- The hospital was established under the Bureau of Health with Anastacia Giron-Tupas as the organizer.
The First Colleges of Nursing in the Philippines
a. University of Santo Tomas .College of Nursing (1946)
b. Manila Central University College of Nursing (1948)
c. University of the Philippines College of Nursing (1948). Ms.Julita Sotejo was its first Dean
THE BASIC HUMAN NEEDS
Each individual has unique characteristics, but certain needs are common to all people.
A need is something that is desirable, useful or necessary.
Human needs are physiologic and psychologic conditions that an individual must meet to achieve a state
of health or well-being.
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Basic Human Needs
Physiologic
1. Oxygen
2. Fluids
3. Nutrition
4. Body temperature
5. Elimination
6. Rest and sleep
7. Sex – necessary for survival of mankind not for individual survival
Safety and Security
1. Physical safety
2. Psychological safety
3. The need for shelter and freedom from harm and danger
Love and belonging
1. The need to love and be loved
2. The need to care and to be cared for.
3. The need for affection: to associate or to belong
4. The need to establish fruitful and meaningful relationships with people, institution, or organization
Self-Esteem Needs
1. Self-worth
2. Self-identity
3. Self-respect
4. Body image
Self-Actualization Needs
1. The need to learn, create and understand or comprehend
2. The need for harmonious relationships
3. The need for beauty or aesthetics
4. The need for spiritual fulfillment
Characteristics of Basic Human Needs
1. Needs are universal.
2. Needs may be met in different ways
3. Needs may be stimulated by external and internal factor
4. Priorities may be deferred
5. Needs are interrelated
CONCEPTS OF HEALTH AND ILLNESS
2
, Fundamentals of Nursing
HEALTH
a. Health is the fundamental right of every human being. It is the state of integration of the body and mind
b. Health and illness are highly individualized perception. Meanings and descriptions of health and illness
vary among people in relation to geography and to culture.
c. Health is the state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of
disease or infirmity. (WHO)
d. Health is the ability to maintain the internal milieu. Illness is the result of failure to maintain the internal
environment.(Claude Bernard)
e. Health is the ability to maintain homeostasis or dynamic equilibrium. Homeostasis is regulated by the
negative feedback mechanism.(Walter Cannon)
f. Health is being well and using one’s power to the fullest extent. Health is maintained through prevention
of diseases via environmental health factors.(Florence Nightingale)
g. Health is viewed in terms of the individual’s ability to perform 14 components of nursing care unaided.
(Henderson)
h. Positive Health symbolizes wellness. It is value term defined by the culture or individual. (Rogers)
i. Health is a state of a process of being becoming an integrated and whole as a person.(Roy)
j. Health is a state the characterized by soundness or wholeness of developed human structures and of
bodily and mental functioning.(Orem)
k. Health is a dynamic state in the life cycle; illness is an interference in the life cycle. (King)
l. Wellness is the condition in which all parts and subparts of an individual are in harmony with the whole
system. (Neuman)
m. Health is an elusive, dynamic state influenced by biologic, psychologic, and social factors. Health is
reflected by the organization, interaction, interdependence and integration of the subsystems of the behavioral
system.(Johnson)
ILLNESS AND DISEASE
Illness
is a personal state in which the person feels unhealthy.
Illness is a state in which a person’s physical, emotional, intellectual, social, developmental, or spiritual
functioning is diminished or impaired compared with previous experience.
Illness is not synonymous with disease.
Disease
An alteration in body function resulting in reduction of capacities or a shortening of the normal life span.
Common Causes of Disease
1. Biologic agent – e.g. microorganism
2. Inherited genetic defects – e.g. cleft palate
3. Developmental defects – e.g. imperforate anus
4. Physical agents – e.g. radiation, hot and cold substances, ultraviolet rays
5. Chemical agents – e.g. lead, asbestos, carbon monoxide
6. Tissue response to irritations/injury – e.g. inflammation, fever
7. Faulty chemical/metabolic process – e.g. inadequate insulin in diabetes
8. Emotional/physical reaction to stress – e.g. fear, anxiety
Stages of Illness
1. Symptoms Experience - experience some symptoms, person believes something is wrong in 3 aspects:
physical, cognitive, emotional
2. Assumption of Sick Role – acceptance of illness, seeks advice
3. Medical Care Contact – seeks advice to professionals for validation of real illness, explanation of
symptoms, reassurance or predict of outcome
4. Dependent Patient Role – The person becomes a client dependent on the health professional for help;
Accepts/rejects health professional’s suggestions; Becomes more passive and accepting.
5. Recovery/Rehabilitation – Gives up the sick role and returns to former roles and functions.
Risk Factors of a Disease
a. Genetic and Physiological Factors. For example, a person with a family history of diabetes mellitus, is at
risk in developing the disease later in life.
b. Age. Age increases and decreases susceptibility ( risk of heart diseases increases with age for both sexes
3
FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES OF NURSING
The Earliest Hospitals Established were the following:
a. Hospital Real de Manila (1577). It was established mainly to care for the Spanish King’s soldiers, but also
admitted Spanish civilians. Founded by Gov. Francisco de Sande
b. San Lazaro Hospital (1578) – built exclusively for patients with leprosy. Founded by Brother Juan Clemente
The Earliest Hospitals Established
a. Hospital de Indio (1586). Established by the Franciscan Order; Service was in general supported by alms and
contribution from charitable persons.
b. Hospital de Aguas Santas (1590). Established in Laguna, near a medicinal spring, Founded by Brother J.
Bautista of the Franciscan Order.
c. San Juan de Dios Hospital (1596). Founded by the Brotherhood de Misericordia and support was derived
from alms and rents. Rendered general health service to the public.
Nursing During the Philippine Revolution
The prominent persons involved in the nursing works were:
a. Josephine Bracken – wife of Jose Rizal. Installed a field hospital in an estate house in Tejeros. Provided
nursing care to the wounded night and day.
b. Rosa Sevilla De Alvero – converted their house into quarters for the Filipino soldier, during the Philippine-
American war that broke out in 1899.
c. Dona Hilaria de Aguinaldo – Wife of Emilio Aguinaldo; Organized the Filipino Red Cross under the
inspiration of Apolinario Mabini.
d. Dona Maria de Aguinaldo- second wife of Emilio Aguinaldo. Provided nursing care for the Filipino soldier
during the revolution. President of the Filipino Red Cross branch in Batangas.
e. Melchora Aquino (Tandang Sora) – Nurse the wounded Filipino soldiers and gave them shelter and food.
f. Captain Salome – A revolutionary leader in Nueva Ecija; provided nursing care to the wounded when not in
combat.
g. Agueda Kahabagan – Revolutionary leader in Laguna, also provided nursing services to her troop.
h. Trinidad Tecson – “Ina ng Biac na Bato”, stayed in the hospital at Biac na Bato to care for the wounded
soldier.
Hospitals and Nursing Schools
1. Iloilo Mission Hospital School of Nursing (Iloilo City, 1906)
- It was ran by the Baptist Foreign Mission Society of America.
- Miss Rose Nicolet, a graduate of New England Hospital for woman and children in Boston,
Massachusetts, was the first superintendent.
- Miss Flora Ernst, an American nurse, took charge of the school in 1942.
2. St. Paul’s Hospital School of Nursing (Manila, 1907)
- The hospital was established by the Archbishop of Manila, The Most Reverend Jeremiah Harty, under
the supervision of the Sisters of St. Paul de Chartres.
- It was located in Intramuros and it provided general hospital services.
3. Philippine General Hospital School of Nursing (1907)
- In 1907, with the support of the Governor General Forbes and the Director of Health and among others,
she opened classes in nursing under the auspices of the Bureau of Education.
- Anastacia Giron-Tupas, was the first Filipino to occupy the position of chief nurse and superintendent
in the Philippines, succeeded her.
4. St. Luke’s Hospital School of Nursing (Quezon City, 1907)
- The Hospital is an Episcopalian Institution. It began as a small dispensary in 1903. In 1907, the school
opened with three Filipino girls admitted.
- Mrs. Vitiliana Beltran was the first Filipino superintendent of nurses.
5. Mary Johnston Hospital and School of Nursing (Manila, 1907)
- It started as a small dispensary on Calle Cervantes (now Avenida)
- It was called Bethany Dispensary and was founded by the Methodist Mission.
- Miss Librada Javelera was the first Filipino director of the school.
6. Philippine Christian Mission Institute School of Nursing.
1
, Fundamentals of Nursing
- The United Christian Missionary of Indianapolis, operated Three schools of Nursing:
1. Sallie Long Read Memorial Hospital School of Nursing (Laoag, Ilocos Norte,1903)
2. Mary Chiles Hospital School of Nursing (Manila, 1911)
3. Frank Dunn Memorial Hospital
7. San Juan de Dios Hospital School of Nursing (Manila, 1913)
8. Emmanuel Hospital School of Nursing (Capiz,1913)
9. Southern Island Hospital School of Nursing (Cebu,1918)
- The hospital was established under the Bureau of Health with Anastacia Giron-Tupas as the organizer.
The First Colleges of Nursing in the Philippines
a. University of Santo Tomas .College of Nursing (1946)
b. Manila Central University College of Nursing (1948)
c. University of the Philippines College of Nursing (1948). Ms.Julita Sotejo was its first Dean
THE BASIC HUMAN NEEDS
Each individual has unique characteristics, but certain needs are common to all people.
A need is something that is desirable, useful or necessary.
Human needs are physiologic and psychologic conditions that an individual must meet to achieve a state
of health or well-being.
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Basic Human Needs
Physiologic
1. Oxygen
2. Fluids
3. Nutrition
4. Body temperature
5. Elimination
6. Rest and sleep
7. Sex – necessary for survival of mankind not for individual survival
Safety and Security
1. Physical safety
2. Psychological safety
3. The need for shelter and freedom from harm and danger
Love and belonging
1. The need to love and be loved
2. The need to care and to be cared for.
3. The need for affection: to associate or to belong
4. The need to establish fruitful and meaningful relationships with people, institution, or organization
Self-Esteem Needs
1. Self-worth
2. Self-identity
3. Self-respect
4. Body image
Self-Actualization Needs
1. The need to learn, create and understand or comprehend
2. The need for harmonious relationships
3. The need for beauty or aesthetics
4. The need for spiritual fulfillment
Characteristics of Basic Human Needs
1. Needs are universal.
2. Needs may be met in different ways
3. Needs may be stimulated by external and internal factor
4. Priorities may be deferred
5. Needs are interrelated
CONCEPTS OF HEALTH AND ILLNESS
2
, Fundamentals of Nursing
HEALTH
a. Health is the fundamental right of every human being. It is the state of integration of the body and mind
b. Health and illness are highly individualized perception. Meanings and descriptions of health and illness
vary among people in relation to geography and to culture.
c. Health is the state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of
disease or infirmity. (WHO)
d. Health is the ability to maintain the internal milieu. Illness is the result of failure to maintain the internal
environment.(Claude Bernard)
e. Health is the ability to maintain homeostasis or dynamic equilibrium. Homeostasis is regulated by the
negative feedback mechanism.(Walter Cannon)
f. Health is being well and using one’s power to the fullest extent. Health is maintained through prevention
of diseases via environmental health factors.(Florence Nightingale)
g. Health is viewed in terms of the individual’s ability to perform 14 components of nursing care unaided.
(Henderson)
h. Positive Health symbolizes wellness. It is value term defined by the culture or individual. (Rogers)
i. Health is a state of a process of being becoming an integrated and whole as a person.(Roy)
j. Health is a state the characterized by soundness or wholeness of developed human structures and of
bodily and mental functioning.(Orem)
k. Health is a dynamic state in the life cycle; illness is an interference in the life cycle. (King)
l. Wellness is the condition in which all parts and subparts of an individual are in harmony with the whole
system. (Neuman)
m. Health is an elusive, dynamic state influenced by biologic, psychologic, and social factors. Health is
reflected by the organization, interaction, interdependence and integration of the subsystems of the behavioral
system.(Johnson)
ILLNESS AND DISEASE
Illness
is a personal state in which the person feels unhealthy.
Illness is a state in which a person’s physical, emotional, intellectual, social, developmental, or spiritual
functioning is diminished or impaired compared with previous experience.
Illness is not synonymous with disease.
Disease
An alteration in body function resulting in reduction of capacities or a shortening of the normal life span.
Common Causes of Disease
1. Biologic agent – e.g. microorganism
2. Inherited genetic defects – e.g. cleft palate
3. Developmental defects – e.g. imperforate anus
4. Physical agents – e.g. radiation, hot and cold substances, ultraviolet rays
5. Chemical agents – e.g. lead, asbestos, carbon monoxide
6. Tissue response to irritations/injury – e.g. inflammation, fever
7. Faulty chemical/metabolic process – e.g. inadequate insulin in diabetes
8. Emotional/physical reaction to stress – e.g. fear, anxiety
Stages of Illness
1. Symptoms Experience - experience some symptoms, person believes something is wrong in 3 aspects:
physical, cognitive, emotional
2. Assumption of Sick Role – acceptance of illness, seeks advice
3. Medical Care Contact – seeks advice to professionals for validation of real illness, explanation of
symptoms, reassurance or predict of outcome
4. Dependent Patient Role – The person becomes a client dependent on the health professional for help;
Accepts/rejects health professional’s suggestions; Becomes more passive and accepting.
5. Recovery/Rehabilitation – Gives up the sick role and returns to former roles and functions.
Risk Factors of a Disease
a. Genetic and Physiological Factors. For example, a person with a family history of diabetes mellitus, is at
risk in developing the disease later in life.
b. Age. Age increases and decreases susceptibility ( risk of heart diseases increases with age for both sexes
3
