AQA A LEVEL CHEMISTRY ORGANIC AND PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
What are atoms? - answer-Atoms are the particles that make up everything
What is an element? - answer-An element is a substance in which all the atoms are the same
Where are elements shown? - answer-Elements are shown in the Periodic table
How many elements are there? - answer-There are around 118 elements
What is a compound? - answer-A compound is a substance that contain two or more elements
chemically combined
Describe the properties of compounds - answer-The properties of compounds are usually
different to the elements that they are made from
What is a mixture? - answer-A mixture is a substance with different elements or compounds not
chemically combined
Give an example of a mixture - answer-An example of a mixture is sand and water as they are
not chemically combined and can be separated by physical means
What is a molecule? - answer-A molecule is a substance that has any elements chemically
joined
What does a chemical formula tell you about a molecule? - answer-A chemical formula tells the
elements in a molecule and the number of atoms of each element
1
,How is a chemical formula presented? - answer-Each element symbol starts with a capital
letter, if there is a second letter it is in lower case
Give an example of a chemical formula - answer-
What are state symbols? - answer-State symbols show the physical state of the substance solid
(s), liquid (l), gas (g), or dissolved in water (aq)
Name three properties of Metals - answer--Strong
-Good conductors of heat and electricity
-High melting and boiling points
Name three properties of Non-Metals - answer--Weak
-Bad conductors of heat and electricity
-Low melting and boiling points
State the four different ways of separating mixtures - answer-Four different ways of separating
mixtures are filtration, crystallisation, distillation or chromatography
Describe the process of filtration - answer-Pour your mixture onto the filter paper, the liquid
simply passes through the filter paper into the flask. The insoluble solid cannot pass through
and so it stays on the paper
Describe the process of crystallisation - answer-Use the method of filtration to filter off any
excess soluble solid. Evaporate the mixture then transfer the hot mixture onto a dish. Crystals
are formed when the mixture has cooled
2
,Describe the process of simple distillation - answer-First we evaporate the mixture by heating it,
the dissolved solid then vaporises. These vapours condense in the condenser, the dissolved
solid then flows into the beaker and liquid stays in the flask
Describe the process of chromatography - answer-Take a strip of filter paper and draw a line on
the bottom of the paper. Put a small drop of ink on the line, take a jar full of water up to the
line and put the filter paper in. As the water moves up we see different colours on the paper
these are the dyes in the ink
What were the early ideas of the structure of atoms? - answer-Early ideas of the structure of
atoms stated that they are tiny spheres that cannot be divided
What is the plum pudding model? - answer-The plum pudding model is what scientists
suggested is the structure of atoms is after the discovery of the electron
Describe the plum pudding model - answer-The plum pudding model suggested that an atom is
a ball of positive charge with negative electrons in embedded in it
Describe how Rutherford carried out the gold foil experiment - answer-Rutherford took a piece
of gold foil, he then fired tiny positive alpha particles at the gold foil
What did Rutherford observe in the experiment? - answer-Rutherford observed that most of
the particles when straight through the gold foil and sometimes the alpha particles bounce back
of the gold foil
What did Rutherford discover from these observations? - answer-Rutherford discovered that
atoms are mainly empty space as most of the alpha particles went straight through the gold
atoms and that the nucleus of the atom is very small as only a small number of alpha particles
bounce back
3
, Describe the structure of the nuclear model - answer-The nuclear model states that most of an
atom is empty space, in the centre is the nucleus which contains protons and neutrons around
the edge we find electrons
What is the Relative mass and the relative charge of protons, neutrons and electrons? - answer-
Why do atoms have the same number of protons as electrons? - answer-Because atoms have
have no overall charge
What is an Ion? - answer-An ion is a charged particle, it is possible to get positive or negative
ions
What is an Isotope? - answer-Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons
are called isotopes
What is the mass number of an element? - answer-The mass number is the number on the top
of an element it is the number of proton and neutrons combined
What is the atomic number of an element? - answer-The atomic number is the number on the
bottom it is number of protons in an atom, which is the same as the number of electrons
How many electrons can you fit in the first, second and third shells? - answer-Shell 1 : 2
electrons
Shell 2 : 8 electrons
Shell 3 : 8 electrons
What is an Electronic structure? - answer-A set of number to show the arrangement of
electrons in their shells, eg. [2,6]
4
What are atoms? - answer-Atoms are the particles that make up everything
What is an element? - answer-An element is a substance in which all the atoms are the same
Where are elements shown? - answer-Elements are shown in the Periodic table
How many elements are there? - answer-There are around 118 elements
What is a compound? - answer-A compound is a substance that contain two or more elements
chemically combined
Describe the properties of compounds - answer-The properties of compounds are usually
different to the elements that they are made from
What is a mixture? - answer-A mixture is a substance with different elements or compounds not
chemically combined
Give an example of a mixture - answer-An example of a mixture is sand and water as they are
not chemically combined and can be separated by physical means
What is a molecule? - answer-A molecule is a substance that has any elements chemically
joined
What does a chemical formula tell you about a molecule? - answer-A chemical formula tells the
elements in a molecule and the number of atoms of each element
1
,How is a chemical formula presented? - answer-Each element symbol starts with a capital
letter, if there is a second letter it is in lower case
Give an example of a chemical formula - answer-
What are state symbols? - answer-State symbols show the physical state of the substance solid
(s), liquid (l), gas (g), or dissolved in water (aq)
Name three properties of Metals - answer--Strong
-Good conductors of heat and electricity
-High melting and boiling points
Name three properties of Non-Metals - answer--Weak
-Bad conductors of heat and electricity
-Low melting and boiling points
State the four different ways of separating mixtures - answer-Four different ways of separating
mixtures are filtration, crystallisation, distillation or chromatography
Describe the process of filtration - answer-Pour your mixture onto the filter paper, the liquid
simply passes through the filter paper into the flask. The insoluble solid cannot pass through
and so it stays on the paper
Describe the process of crystallisation - answer-Use the method of filtration to filter off any
excess soluble solid. Evaporate the mixture then transfer the hot mixture onto a dish. Crystals
are formed when the mixture has cooled
2
,Describe the process of simple distillation - answer-First we evaporate the mixture by heating it,
the dissolved solid then vaporises. These vapours condense in the condenser, the dissolved
solid then flows into the beaker and liquid stays in the flask
Describe the process of chromatography - answer-Take a strip of filter paper and draw a line on
the bottom of the paper. Put a small drop of ink on the line, take a jar full of water up to the
line and put the filter paper in. As the water moves up we see different colours on the paper
these are the dyes in the ink
What were the early ideas of the structure of atoms? - answer-Early ideas of the structure of
atoms stated that they are tiny spheres that cannot be divided
What is the plum pudding model? - answer-The plum pudding model is what scientists
suggested is the structure of atoms is after the discovery of the electron
Describe the plum pudding model - answer-The plum pudding model suggested that an atom is
a ball of positive charge with negative electrons in embedded in it
Describe how Rutherford carried out the gold foil experiment - answer-Rutherford took a piece
of gold foil, he then fired tiny positive alpha particles at the gold foil
What did Rutherford observe in the experiment? - answer-Rutherford observed that most of
the particles when straight through the gold foil and sometimes the alpha particles bounce back
of the gold foil
What did Rutherford discover from these observations? - answer-Rutherford discovered that
atoms are mainly empty space as most of the alpha particles went straight through the gold
atoms and that the nucleus of the atom is very small as only a small number of alpha particles
bounce back
3
, Describe the structure of the nuclear model - answer-The nuclear model states that most of an
atom is empty space, in the centre is the nucleus which contains protons and neutrons around
the edge we find electrons
What is the Relative mass and the relative charge of protons, neutrons and electrons? - answer-
Why do atoms have the same number of protons as electrons? - answer-Because atoms have
have no overall charge
What is an Ion? - answer-An ion is a charged particle, it is possible to get positive or negative
ions
What is an Isotope? - answer-Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons
are called isotopes
What is the mass number of an element? - answer-The mass number is the number on the top
of an element it is the number of proton and neutrons combined
What is the atomic number of an element? - answer-The atomic number is the number on the
bottom it is number of protons in an atom, which is the same as the number of electrons
How many electrons can you fit in the first, second and third shells? - answer-Shell 1 : 2
electrons
Shell 2 : 8 electrons
Shell 3 : 8 electrons
What is an Electronic structure? - answer-A set of number to show the arrangement of
electrons in their shells, eg. [2,6]
4
