All ISA Arborist chapters Exam with verified detailed
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answers
Meristem - ✔✔undifferentiated tissue in which active cell division takes place. Found in the
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root tips, buds, cambium, cork cambium, and latent buds.
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Aerial root - ✔✔aboveground roots. Usually adventitious in nature and sometimes having
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unique adaptive functions. || ||
Differentiation - ✔✔process in the development of cell in which they become specialized || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
for various functions.
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Apical meristems - ✔✔the growing points at the tips of shoots and roots.
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Cambium - ✔✔thin layer(s) of meristematic cells that give rise (outward) to the phloem
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and (inward) to the xylem, increasing stem and root diameter.
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Phloem - ✔✔plant vascular tissue that conducts photosynthates and growth regulators.
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Situated to the inside of the bark, just outside the cambium. Is bidirectional ( transports up
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and down).||
Xylem - ✔✔main water and mineral conducting tissue (up only) in trees and other plants.
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Provides structural support. Arises (inward) from the cambium and becomes wood after
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lignifying.
Cork cambium - ✔✔meristematic tissue from which the corky, protective outer layer of
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bark is formed.|| ||
,Gymnosperms - ✔✔plants with exposed seeds, usually within cones. || || || || || || || ||
Tracheid - ✔✔elongated, tapering xylem cell, adapted for transport and support of water
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and elements.
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Fiber - ✔✔(1) elongated, tapering, thick-walled cell that provides strength to wood. (2)
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smallest component of a rope. || || || ||
Parenchyma Cells - ✔✔thin-walled, living cells essential in photosynthesis, radial transport,
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energy storage, and production of protective compounds.
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Vessels - ✔✔end-to-end, tubelike, water-conducting cells in the xylem of angiosperms.
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Ring Porous - ✔✔pattern of wood development in which the large diameter vessels are
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concentrated in the earlywood || || ||
Diffuseuse Porous - ✔✔pattern of wood development in which the vessels and vessel sizes
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are distributed evenly throughout the annual ring.
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Growth rings - ✔✔rings of xylem that are visible in a cross section of the stem, branches,
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and roots of some trees. In temperate zones, the rings typically represent one year of growth
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and are sometimes referred to as annual rings.
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Sapwood - ✔✔outer wood (xylem) that is active in longitudinal transport of water and
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minerals.
Heartwood - ✔✔wood that is altered (inward) from sapwood and provides chemical defense
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against decay-causing organisms and continues to provide structural strength to the trunk.
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Trees may or may not have heartwood.
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,Sieve Cells - ✔✔long, slender phloem cells in gymnosperms.
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Sieve tube elements - ✔✔specialized phloem cells involved in photosynthate transport.
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Exist only in angiosperms.
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Axial transport - ✔✔movement of water, minerals, or photosynthate longitudinally
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(up/down) within a tree. || || ||
Rays - ✔✔parenchyma tissues that extend radially across the xylem and phloem of a tree
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and function in transport, storage, structural strength, and defense.
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Companion cells - ✔✔specialized cell in the angiosperm phloem derived from the same
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parent cell as the closely associated, immediately adjacent sieve-tube member.
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Lenticels - ✔✔opening in the bark that permits the exchanges of gases
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Apical bud - ✔✔bud at the tip of a twig or shoot.
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Terminal Buds - ✔✔the bud on the tip of a twig or shoot. Apical bud.
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Axillary buds - ✔✔bud in the axil of a leaf; lateral bud.
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Dormant - ✔✔in a period of dormancy.
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Apical dominance - ✔✔condition in which the terminal bud inhibits the growth and
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development of the lateral buds on the same stem formed during the same season.
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, Adventitious buds - ✔✔bud that arises from a place other than a leaf axil. || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
Epicormic - ✔✔arising from a latent adventitious buds (growth point). Usually reference to
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a shoot.
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Node - ✔✔slightly enlarged portion of a stem where leaves and buds arise.
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Internode - ✔✔region of the stem between two successive nodes.
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Branch collar - ✔✔area where a branch joins another branch or trunk created by the
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overlapping vascular tissues from both the branch and the trunk. Typically enlarged at the
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base of the branch.
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Branch bark ridge - ✔✔raised strip of bark at the top of a branch union, where the growth
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and expansion of the trunk or parent stem and adjoining branch push the bark into a ridge.
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Included bark - ✔✔bark that becomes embedded in a crotch between branch and trunk or
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between co-dominant stems. Causes a weak structure.
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Chloroplasts - ✔✔specialized organelle found in some cells; the site of photosynthesis.
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Chlorophyll - ✔✔green pigment of plant, found in chloroplasts; it captures the energy of the
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sun and is essential in photosynthesis.
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Photosynthesis - ✔✔the process in green plants by which light energy is used to form || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
glucose (chemical energy) from water and carbon dioxide.
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answers
Meristem - ✔✔undifferentiated tissue in which active cell division takes place. Found in the
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
root tips, buds, cambium, cork cambium, and latent buds.
|| || || || || || || || ||
Aerial root - ✔✔aboveground roots. Usually adventitious in nature and sometimes having
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
unique adaptive functions. || ||
Differentiation - ✔✔process in the development of cell in which they become specialized || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
for various functions.
|| ||
Apical meristems - ✔✔the growing points at the tips of shoots and roots.
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
Cambium - ✔✔thin layer(s) of meristematic cells that give rise (outward) to the phloem
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
and (inward) to the xylem, increasing stem and root diameter.
|| || || || || || || || ||
Phloem - ✔✔plant vascular tissue that conducts photosynthates and growth regulators.
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
Situated to the inside of the bark, just outside the cambium. Is bidirectional ( transports up
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
and down).||
Xylem - ✔✔main water and mineral conducting tissue (up only) in trees and other plants.
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
Provides structural support. Arises (inward) from the cambium and becomes wood after
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
lignifying.
Cork cambium - ✔✔meristematic tissue from which the corky, protective outer layer of
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
bark is formed.|| ||
,Gymnosperms - ✔✔plants with exposed seeds, usually within cones. || || || || || || || ||
Tracheid - ✔✔elongated, tapering xylem cell, adapted for transport and support of water
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
and elements.
||
Fiber - ✔✔(1) elongated, tapering, thick-walled cell that provides strength to wood. (2)
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
smallest component of a rope. || || || ||
Parenchyma Cells - ✔✔thin-walled, living cells essential in photosynthesis, radial transport,
|| || || || || || || || || ||
energy storage, and production of protective compounds.
|| || || || || || ||
Vessels - ✔✔end-to-end, tubelike, water-conducting cells in the xylem of angiosperms.
|| || || || || || || || || ||
Ring Porous - ✔✔pattern of wood development in which the large diameter vessels are
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
concentrated in the earlywood || || ||
Diffuseuse Porous - ✔✔pattern of wood development in which the vessels and vessel sizes
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
are distributed evenly throughout the annual ring.
|| || || || || ||
Growth rings - ✔✔rings of xylem that are visible in a cross section of the stem, branches,
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
and roots of some trees. In temperate zones, the rings typically represent one year of growth
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
and are sometimes referred to as annual rings.
|| || || || || || ||
Sapwood - ✔✔outer wood (xylem) that is active in longitudinal transport of water and
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
minerals.
Heartwood - ✔✔wood that is altered (inward) from sapwood and provides chemical defense
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
against decay-causing organisms and continues to provide structural strength to the trunk.
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
Trees may or may not have heartwood.
|| || || || || ||
,Sieve Cells - ✔✔long, slender phloem cells in gymnosperms.
|| || || || || || || ||
Sieve tube elements - ✔✔specialized phloem cells involved in photosynthate transport.
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
Exist only in angiosperms.
|| || ||
Axial transport - ✔✔movement of water, minerals, or photosynthate longitudinally
|| || || || || || || || || ||
(up/down) within a tree. || || ||
Rays - ✔✔parenchyma tissues that extend radially across the xylem and phloem of a tree
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
and function in transport, storage, structural strength, and defense.
|| || || || || || || ||
Companion cells - ✔✔specialized cell in the angiosperm phloem derived from the same
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
parent cell as the closely associated, immediately adjacent sieve-tube member.
|| || || || || || || || ||
Lenticels - ✔✔opening in the bark that permits the exchanges of gases
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
Apical bud - ✔✔bud at the tip of a twig or shoot.
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
Terminal Buds - ✔✔the bud on the tip of a twig or shoot. Apical bud.
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
Axillary buds - ✔✔bud in the axil of a leaf; lateral bud.
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
Dormant - ✔✔in a period of dormancy.
|| || || || || ||
Apical dominance - ✔✔condition in which the terminal bud inhibits the growth and
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
development of the lateral buds on the same stem formed during the same season.
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
, Adventitious buds - ✔✔bud that arises from a place other than a leaf axil. || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
Epicormic - ✔✔arising from a latent adventitious buds (growth point). Usually reference to
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
a shoot.
||
Node - ✔✔slightly enlarged portion of a stem where leaves and buds arise.
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
Internode - ✔✔region of the stem between two successive nodes.
|| || || || || || || || ||
Branch collar - ✔✔area where a branch joins another branch or trunk created by the
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
overlapping vascular tissues from both the branch and the trunk. Typically enlarged at the
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
base of the branch.
|| || ||
Branch bark ridge - ✔✔raised strip of bark at the top of a branch union, where the growth
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
and expansion of the trunk or parent stem and adjoining branch push the bark into a ridge.
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
Included bark - ✔✔bark that becomes embedded in a crotch between branch and trunk or
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
between co-dominant stems. Causes a weak structure.
|| || || || || ||
Chloroplasts - ✔✔specialized organelle found in some cells; the site of photosynthesis.
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
Chlorophyll - ✔✔green pigment of plant, found in chloroplasts; it captures the energy of the
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
sun and is essential in photosynthesis.
|| || || || || ||
Photosynthesis - ✔✔the process in green plants by which light energy is used to form || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
glucose (chemical energy) from water and carbon dioxide.
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