ISA Arborist Tree Identification Study Set 440 questions with
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precise detailed solutions || ||
Secondary Growth - ✔✔Fx: Increase girth of organs; gymnosperms an eudicots.
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Arises from lateral meristems
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>Vascular cambium ||
>Cork Cambium ||
Vascular Cambium - ✔✔Located between primary xylem and phloem;
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Formation: Latent procambium, fascicular cambium, interfascicular cambium.
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Fascicular Cambium - ✔✔Located within vascular bundles
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Interfasciculer Cambium - ✔✔Located in cortex between vascular bundles
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Fascicular + Interfascicular - ✔✔= continuous ring of vascular cambium
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Vascular Cambium Cells (ray initials) - ✔✔>radial system
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>elongate perpendicular to main axis || || || ||
>Differentiate into ray parenchyma || || ||
>Divide periclinally ||
>Spokes in cross section || || ||
Fx: move water and solutes horizontally
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Vascular Cambium Cells (fusiform initials) - ✔✔>Axial system
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,>Oriented parallel to main axis || || || ||
>Produce secondary xylem and secondary phloem between rays
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>divide periclinally
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>Cambial Zone ||
Fx: move water and solutes longitudinally
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Cambial Zone - ✔✔increases through anticlinal divisions
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Secondary Xylem - ✔✔Softwood; || || ||
>Typically gymnosperms; ||
>Tracheids only; no vessel elements or fibers.|| || || || || ||
Hardwood;
>Mostly eudicots ||
>tracheids, vessel elements, fibers || || ||
Heartwood - ✔✔Older, near center; Plugged with resin
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Sapwood - ✔✔Functional, conducting wood; Younger wood; Closer to stem surface
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Spring Wood - ✔✔Early wood; Rainy season; More Vessels (angiosperms); Wider diameter
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vessels and tracheids
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Summer Wood - ✔✔Late wood; Less water available; More tracheids; Smaller diameter cells
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Annual rings (Growth Rings) - ✔✔Annual rings - one season's growth
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Growth Rings - seasonal activity of vascular cambium
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,Both provide information about life cycle and life history of a tree.
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Bark - ✔✔Secondary phloem and periderm
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Secondary Phloem - ✔✔Formed from fusiform initials; Inner -Functional; Outer - dead non
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functional; protect inner tissue. || || ||
Ray parenchyma and sieve elements alternate with bands of fibers
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Periderm - ✔✔replaces original epidermis as girth increases; Protects and insulates
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underlying tissues; ||
Three Regions: Phellem = cork cells
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Phellogen= Cork Cambium || ||
Phelloderm = Secondary Cortex || || ||
Phellogen (Cork Cambium) - ✔✔Meristem tissue; Mid layer; produces other two layers
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Phelloderm (Secondary Cortex) - ✔✔Resemble parenchyma cells (alive); Arranged in
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regular rows; May be photosynthetic and contain intercellular space
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Phellem (Cork Cells) - ✔✔Dead, suberinized cells; Densely packed;
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Fx: Keep water in; Protective barrier against predators.
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Lenticels
Lenticels - ✔✔Openings in cork cells || || || || ||
Formed by phyllogen || ||
, Continuing Growth - ✔✔secondary xylem added to inside of vascular cambium; secondary
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phloem added to outside; Vascular cambium expands; Cork cambium doesn't expand much
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circumferentially; new cambium formed; New cork cells become suberized to block water || || || || || || || || || || || ||
and nutrients fro secondary phloem.
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Outer Bark - ✔✔outside cambium; dead
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Inner Bark - ✔✔secondary phloem between cork and vascular cambiums; alive
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Matter - ✔✔Anything that has mass or takes up space.
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Model - ✔✔An explanation or representation of something that cannot be seen.
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Molecules - ✔✔Chemicals that result from atoms linking together.
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Physical Change - ✔✔A change that affects the appearance but not the chemical makeup of
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a substance.
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Chemical Change - ✔✔A change that alters the makeup of the elements or molecules of a
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substance.
Phase - ✔✔One of three forms: Solid, liquid, or gas, which every substance is capable of
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attaining.
Diffusion - ✔✔The random motion of molecules from an area of high concentration to an
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area of low concentration.
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precise detailed solutions || ||
Secondary Growth - ✔✔Fx: Increase girth of organs; gymnosperms an eudicots.
|| || || || || || || || || ||
Arises from lateral meristems
|| || ||
>Vascular cambium ||
>Cork Cambium ||
Vascular Cambium - ✔✔Located between primary xylem and phloem;
|| || || || || || || || ||
Formation: Latent procambium, fascicular cambium, interfascicular cambium.
|| || || || || ||
Fascicular Cambium - ✔✔Located within vascular bundles
|| || || || || ||
Interfasciculer Cambium - ✔✔Located in cortex between vascular bundles
|| || || || || || || ||
Fascicular + Interfascicular - ✔✔= continuous ring of vascular cambium
|| || || || || || || || ||
Vascular Cambium Cells (ray initials) - ✔✔>radial system
|| || || || || || ||
>elongate perpendicular to main axis || || || ||
>Differentiate into ray parenchyma || || ||
>Divide periclinally ||
>Spokes in cross section || || ||
Fx: move water and solutes horizontally
|| || || || ||
Vascular Cambium Cells (fusiform initials) - ✔✔>Axial system
|| || || || || || ||
,>Oriented parallel to main axis || || || ||
>Produce secondary xylem and secondary phloem between rays
|| || || || || || ||
>divide periclinally
||
>Cambial Zone ||
Fx: move water and solutes longitudinally
|| || || || ||
Cambial Zone - ✔✔increases through anticlinal divisions
|| || || || || ||
Secondary Xylem - ✔✔Softwood; || || ||
>Typically gymnosperms; ||
>Tracheids only; no vessel elements or fibers.|| || || || || ||
Hardwood;
>Mostly eudicots ||
>tracheids, vessel elements, fibers || || ||
Heartwood - ✔✔Older, near center; Plugged with resin
|| || || || || || ||
Sapwood - ✔✔Functional, conducting wood; Younger wood; Closer to stem surface
|| || || || || || || || || ||
Spring Wood - ✔✔Early wood; Rainy season; More Vessels (angiosperms); Wider diameter
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
vessels and tracheids
|| ||
Summer Wood - ✔✔Late wood; Less water available; More tracheids; Smaller diameter cells
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
Annual rings (Growth Rings) - ✔✔Annual rings - one season's growth
|| || || || || || || || || ||
Growth Rings - seasonal activity of vascular cambium
|| || || || || || ||
,Both provide information about life cycle and life history of a tree.
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
Bark - ✔✔Secondary phloem and periderm
|| || || || ||
Secondary Phloem - ✔✔Formed from fusiform initials; Inner -Functional; Outer - dead non
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
functional; protect inner tissue. || || ||
Ray parenchyma and sieve elements alternate with bands of fibers
|| || || || || || || || ||
Periderm - ✔✔replaces original epidermis as girth increases; Protects and insulates
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
underlying tissues; ||
Three Regions: Phellem = cork cells
|| || || || ||
Phellogen= Cork Cambium || ||
Phelloderm = Secondary Cortex || || ||
Phellogen (Cork Cambium) - ✔✔Meristem tissue; Mid layer; produces other two layers
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
Phelloderm (Secondary Cortex) - ✔✔Resemble parenchyma cells (alive); Arranged in
|| || || || || || || || || ||
regular rows; May be photosynthetic and contain intercellular space
|| || || || || || || ||
Phellem (Cork Cells) - ✔✔Dead, suberinized cells; Densely packed;
|| || || || || || || ||
Fx: Keep water in; Protective barrier against predators.
|| || || || || || ||
Lenticels
Lenticels - ✔✔Openings in cork cells || || || || ||
Formed by phyllogen || ||
, Continuing Growth - ✔✔secondary xylem added to inside of vascular cambium; secondary
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
phloem added to outside; Vascular cambium expands; Cork cambium doesn't expand much
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
circumferentially; new cambium formed; New cork cells become suberized to block water || || || || || || || || || || || ||
and nutrients fro secondary phloem.
|| || || ||
Outer Bark - ✔✔outside cambium; dead
|| || || || ||
Inner Bark - ✔✔secondary phloem between cork and vascular cambiums; alive
|| || || || || || || || || ||
Matter - ✔✔Anything that has mass or takes up space.
|| || || || || || || || ||
Model - ✔✔An explanation or representation of something that cannot be seen.
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
Molecules - ✔✔Chemicals that result from atoms linking together.
|| || || || || || || ||
Physical Change - ✔✔A change that affects the appearance but not the chemical makeup of
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
a substance.
|| ||
Chemical Change - ✔✔A change that alters the makeup of the elements or molecules of a
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
substance.
Phase - ✔✔One of three forms: Solid, liquid, or gas, which every substance is capable of
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
attaining.
Diffusion - ✔✔The random motion of molecules from an area of high concentration to an
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
area of low concentration.
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