Maryville University NURS 611 Advanced Pathophysiology Exam 1 Study Guide 2026

1 Describe the characteristics of apoptosis. cell death that is regulated or programmed 2 Necrosis characterized by rapid loss of the plasma membrane structure, organelle swelling, mitochondrial dysfunction. Hypoxia is the #1 major cause of cellular injury leading to necrosis especially to the kidneys and heart. (Myocardial infarction) Page 52: What's new: Current research supports that after muscle heart injury that stem cells exist in the heart and differentiate into various cardiac cell lineages and is profoundly changing the understanding of myocardial biology!!! 3 Atrophy: Physiologic: thymus gland atrophy (childhood) 4 Hypertrophy (increase in size of cell) Another cellular adaptation that can actually be beneficial is hypertrophy of myocardial cells such as in endurance training - this is referred to as physiologic hypertrophy. Versus Pathologic hypertrophy that occurs secondary to HTN. 5 Hyperplasia: (increase in # of cells) Compensatory: removal of 70% of liver - can regenerate in about 2 weeks. Pathological: endometrial hyperplasia