WGU D312 Anatomy and Physiology I Objective Assessment: Comprehensive Study of Skeletal Ligaments and Tendons; Cranial and Facial Bones Including Ethmoid, Sphenoid, Maxillae, Mandible, Palatine, and Zygomatic Bones; Muscular Antagonists for Major Muscle G

WGU D312 Anatomy and Physiology I Objective Assessment: Comprehensive Study of Skeletal Ligaments and Tendons; Cranial and Facial Bones Including Ethmoid, Sphenoid, Maxillae, Mandible, Palatine, and Zygomatic Bones; Muscular Antagonists for Major Muscle Groups; Nervous System Cells (Microglia, Astrocytes, Ependymal Cells, Oligodendrocytes, Satellite Cells, Schwann Cells); Meninges Layers; Brain Structures and Functions Including Pons, Cerebellum, Cerebrum, Medulla Oblongata, Thalamus, Hypothalamus, and Brainstem; Cranial Nerves I–XII and Their Functions; Endocrine Glands and Hormones Including Anterior and Posterior Pituitary, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenal Cortex and Medulla, Pancreas, Ovaries, and Pineal Gland; Mechanisms of Hormonal Release (Humoral, Neural, Hormonal/Tropic Stimuli); Respiratory Pathway Exam Questions Verified and Provided with Complete A+ Graded Rationales Latest Updated 2026 ents Connect bone to bone Tendons Connect muscle to bone Ethmoid bone Part of floor of cranial cavity, separates nasal cavity from the brain Sphenoid bone Roof of nasal cavity Maxillae Forms upper jaw Mandible Forms lower jaw Palatine bones Posterior hard palate Zygomatic bone Cheek structure Antagonist of pectoralis major Deltoid (shoulder flexion/extension) Antagonist of biceps brachii Triceps brachii (elbow flexion/extension) Antagonist of flexor carpi radialis Extensor carpi radialis (wrist flexion/extension) Antagonist of flexor digitorum profundus Extensor digitorum (finger flexion/extension) Antagonist of illiopsoas Gluteus maximus (hip flexion/extension) Antagonist of hamstring Quadriceps (knee flexion/extension) Antagonist of tibialis anterior Gastocnemius/soleus (ankle flexion/extension) Microglia Immune cells of the nervous system, tag foreign invaders and label them for destruction Astrocytes Support cells of cns, allow selective permeability at the bbb. Source of neural stem cells. Ependymal cells Line ventricles, create barriers between compartments Oligodendrocytes Forms myelin sheath in cns to increase speed of conduction Satellite cells Protection/support of pns cells Schwann cells Form myelin sheath in the pns. Meninges Multiple layers of protective connective tissue: dura mater (thickest and outer), arachnoid mater (cushion), pia mater (thin membrane hugs brain). Pons Relays signal between cerebrum and cerebellum including sleep, hearing, taste and posture. Cerebellum Controls movement, balance, coordination, tactile perception, scheduling/planning of tasks. Cerebrum Major anatomical feature of brain, broken down into 4 lobes (frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal) Medulla oblongata Control of basic functions of cardiac, vasomotor and respiratory centers. Involuntary functions like coughing, salivating, sweating and gi secretions. Thalamus Relase of sensory signals, memory and emotion. Hypothalamus Controls endocrine system, thermoregulation, food/water intake, biological cycles and emotions. Brainstem Connects brain to spinal cord, regulates heartbeat and respirations. Olfactory nerve Smell Optic nerve S