Nursing Pathophysiology Final Exam
Review 2 With Correct Detailed And
VERIFIED Solutions (100% Accurately
Verified Answers) (latest 2026\2027
Update) Graded A+ Guarantee Pass!!
When discussing hyperchloremia (elevated serum chlorine), it is correct to state that it: -
ANSWERS-Is a result of an underlying disorder.
Rationale: Hyperchloremia is usually related to an underlying disorder, and therefore,
treatment is centered on the underlying disorder. It usually occurs with an increase in
sodium and a deficit of bicarbonate. There are normally no specific symptoms
associated with this syndrome.
When discussing hyponatremia (low serum sodium), it is correct to state that it is
generally: - ANSWERS-An outcome of serious burns, vomiting, or diarrhea.
Rationale: Hyponatremia occurs when the serum sodium drops below 135 mEq/L. It can
occur due to burns, vomiting, diarrhea, or gastrointestinal suctioning. It can also occur
with an increase in TBW. Inadequate sodium intake can cause hyponatremia, but it is
uncommon.
Which of the following is a TRUE statement regarding hyperkalemia (elevated serum
potassium)? - ANSWERS-It often occurs in acidosis.
Rationale: Hyperkalemia (high potassium) often occurs with acidosis. During acidosis,
hydrogen is taken up in the cell. When this occurs, it is exchanged for potassium and
serum potassium rises. Dietary excesses are uncommon. An increase in aldosterone
,would cause hypokalemia, rather than hyperkalemia, because aldosterone increases
Na+ reabsorption while increasing K+ secretion into the renal tubule.
A patient has deep and rapid respirations. Laboratory tests reveal decreased pH and
bicarbonate. This patient is experiencing: - ANSWERS-metabolic acidosis.
Rationale: A decrease in pH and bicarbonate occur with metabolic acidosis.
Additionally, metabolic acidosis causes deep and rapid breathing, as the body tries to
compensate by removing carbon dioxide. Metabolic alkalosis occurs if pH and
bicarbonate levels are elevated. Respiratory acidosis occurs when pH is decreased and
carbon dioxide is elevated, whereas respiratory alkalosis occurs when pH is elevated
and carbon dioxide is decreased.
A common cause of the increased filtration of fluid from capillaries and lymph into
surrounding tissues (edema) includes: Select all that apply.
A) Increased hydrostatic pressure.
B) Decreased plasma oncotic pressure.
C) Increased capillary membrane permeability.
D) Lymphatic obstruction.
E) Increased barometric pressure. - ANSWERS-A,B,C,&D
Rationale: There are four common causes of increased edema: increased hydrostatic
pressure, decreased plasma oncotic pressure, increased capillary membrane
permeability, and lymphatic obstruction. Barometric pressure (Atmospheric pressure) is
the force per unit area exerted against a surface by the weight of air above that surface
in the Earth's atmosphere
A 24-year-old female presents with excessive menstrual bleeding. The physician
identified
endometrial changes that are due to hormonal imbalances. These cellular changes
would be
referred to as: - ANSWERS-Pathologic hyperplasia
, A 34-year-old was diagnosed with malignant tumor (cancer). The nurse teaches the
patient
about malignant cells. Which of the following is most appropriate explanation when
describing
malignant cells? - ANSWERS-Malignant cells are dysplastic cells and are irreversible
A characteristic of a malignant tumor includes that it: - ANSWERS-can spread far from
the tissue of origin
A 25-year-old male develops cancer of the breast glandular tissue. What type of cancer
does he
have? - ANSWERS-adenocarcinoma
When planning care for a cardiac patient, the nurse knows that in response to an
increased
workload, cardiac myocardial cells will: - ANSWERS-Increase in size
While viewing the electrocardiogram, the nurse recalls the _____ conducts action
potentials down the atrioventricular septum. - ANSWERS-Bundle of His
Which of the following patient would be most prone to metabolic acidosis? A patient
with: - ANSWERS-Diabetes whose glucoses are uncontrolled
A 76-year-old patient had the following arterial blood gas sample after his stomach
surgery in
which his gastric content and fluid were removed: pH 7.55, PCO2 50, HCO3 35. What
acidbase
imbalance is most likely in this patient? - ANSWERS-Metabolic alkalosis, compensating
A 50-year-old male visits the cardiologist for an EKG. Results indicate that he has no
PR interval and a variable QRS rate with rhythm irregularity. Which of the following is
Review 2 With Correct Detailed And
VERIFIED Solutions (100% Accurately
Verified Answers) (latest 2026\2027
Update) Graded A+ Guarantee Pass!!
When discussing hyperchloremia (elevated serum chlorine), it is correct to state that it: -
ANSWERS-Is a result of an underlying disorder.
Rationale: Hyperchloremia is usually related to an underlying disorder, and therefore,
treatment is centered on the underlying disorder. It usually occurs with an increase in
sodium and a deficit of bicarbonate. There are normally no specific symptoms
associated with this syndrome.
When discussing hyponatremia (low serum sodium), it is correct to state that it is
generally: - ANSWERS-An outcome of serious burns, vomiting, or diarrhea.
Rationale: Hyponatremia occurs when the serum sodium drops below 135 mEq/L. It can
occur due to burns, vomiting, diarrhea, or gastrointestinal suctioning. It can also occur
with an increase in TBW. Inadequate sodium intake can cause hyponatremia, but it is
uncommon.
Which of the following is a TRUE statement regarding hyperkalemia (elevated serum
potassium)? - ANSWERS-It often occurs in acidosis.
Rationale: Hyperkalemia (high potassium) often occurs with acidosis. During acidosis,
hydrogen is taken up in the cell. When this occurs, it is exchanged for potassium and
serum potassium rises. Dietary excesses are uncommon. An increase in aldosterone
,would cause hypokalemia, rather than hyperkalemia, because aldosterone increases
Na+ reabsorption while increasing K+ secretion into the renal tubule.
A patient has deep and rapid respirations. Laboratory tests reveal decreased pH and
bicarbonate. This patient is experiencing: - ANSWERS-metabolic acidosis.
Rationale: A decrease in pH and bicarbonate occur with metabolic acidosis.
Additionally, metabolic acidosis causes deep and rapid breathing, as the body tries to
compensate by removing carbon dioxide. Metabolic alkalosis occurs if pH and
bicarbonate levels are elevated. Respiratory acidosis occurs when pH is decreased and
carbon dioxide is elevated, whereas respiratory alkalosis occurs when pH is elevated
and carbon dioxide is decreased.
A common cause of the increased filtration of fluid from capillaries and lymph into
surrounding tissues (edema) includes: Select all that apply.
A) Increased hydrostatic pressure.
B) Decreased plasma oncotic pressure.
C) Increased capillary membrane permeability.
D) Lymphatic obstruction.
E) Increased barometric pressure. - ANSWERS-A,B,C,&D
Rationale: There are four common causes of increased edema: increased hydrostatic
pressure, decreased plasma oncotic pressure, increased capillary membrane
permeability, and lymphatic obstruction. Barometric pressure (Atmospheric pressure) is
the force per unit area exerted against a surface by the weight of air above that surface
in the Earth's atmosphere
A 24-year-old female presents with excessive menstrual bleeding. The physician
identified
endometrial changes that are due to hormonal imbalances. These cellular changes
would be
referred to as: - ANSWERS-Pathologic hyperplasia
, A 34-year-old was diagnosed with malignant tumor (cancer). The nurse teaches the
patient
about malignant cells. Which of the following is most appropriate explanation when
describing
malignant cells? - ANSWERS-Malignant cells are dysplastic cells and are irreversible
A characteristic of a malignant tumor includes that it: - ANSWERS-can spread far from
the tissue of origin
A 25-year-old male develops cancer of the breast glandular tissue. What type of cancer
does he
have? - ANSWERS-adenocarcinoma
When planning care for a cardiac patient, the nurse knows that in response to an
increased
workload, cardiac myocardial cells will: - ANSWERS-Increase in size
While viewing the electrocardiogram, the nurse recalls the _____ conducts action
potentials down the atrioventricular septum. - ANSWERS-Bundle of His
Which of the following patient would be most prone to metabolic acidosis? A patient
with: - ANSWERS-Diabetes whose glucoses are uncontrolled
A 76-year-old patient had the following arterial blood gas sample after his stomach
surgery in
which his gastric content and fluid were removed: pH 7.55, PCO2 50, HCO3 35. What
acidbase
imbalance is most likely in this patient? - ANSWERS-Metabolic alkalosis, compensating
A 50-year-old male visits the cardiologist for an EKG. Results indicate that he has no
PR interval and a variable QRS rate with rhythm irregularity. Which of the following is
