WGU D236 PATHO PART #2-
MEGAN/SHAY’S STUDY GUIDES EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
What is pancreatitis? - ANSWER -Inflammation of the pancreas that causes pancreatic
insufficiency, malabsorption, and diabetes. Pancreatitis can be an acute or chronic
disorder.
What is acute pancreatitis and what are its causes and manifestations? - ANSWER -
Acute pancreatitis is a sudden, short-term episode of inflammation.
Causes:
#Gallstones
#Excessive alcohol use
#High blood triglycerides
#Abdominal injury
#Certain medications and toxins
Manifestations:
#Abdominal pain
#N/V (following significant alcohol intake)
#Cullen sign (blue discoloration around the umbilicus is a hallmark)
What is chronic pancreatitis and what are its causes, manifestations, and
complications? - ANSWER -Chronic pancreatitis is the recurring destruction of the
pancreatic tissue that results in atrophy, fibrosis, scarring and the development of
calcification within the gland.
Causes:
#Gallstones (obstruct the flow of bile and pancreatic secretions into the duodenum;
backs up into the pancreas and it starts autodigesting itself).
#Alcohol (increased secretion of pancreatic enzymes and sphincter of oddi contracts;
enzymes pack up into pancreas).
Manifestations:
#Severe epigastric pain
#Vomiting
Complications:
#Hemorrhage
#Hypovolemic shock (massive inflammatory response that causes capillary leak)
#Circulatory collapse
#Peritonitis (enzymes escape into peritoneal cavity, causing inflammation)
,What is an ulcer? - ANSWER -Open sores in the lining of the digestive system. The
constant acid irritation leads to ulceration of the GI cells, also termed peptic ulcer.
What is a duodenal ulcer? - ANSWER -A type of peptic ulcer that forms in the upper
small intestine, most common symptom is pain in the mid to upper abdominal region
that intensifies when the stomach is empty or wakes you up in the middle of the night.
What is an esophageal ulcer? - ANSWER -Results from the reflux of acidic gastric
secretions into the esophagus. These can typically be treated with changes to lifestyle
and diet, coupled with certain medications and other treatments.
What is Crohn's disease and what symptoms might a patient exhibit? - ANSWER -
Crohn's is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease that affects the lining of the digestive
tract.
Symptoms:
#Perisistent diarrhea
#Rectal bleeding
#Urgent need to move bowels
#Abdominal cramps/pain
#Sensation of incomplete bowel evacuation
#Constipation, which can lead to bowel obstruction
What are causes of RLQ pain? - ANSWER -#Crohn's
#Appendicitis
What is ulcerative colitis (UC) and what symptoms might a patient exhibit? - ANSWER -
An autoimmune disease of the large intestine, specifically the colon and rectum. It
affects the mucosal layer of the large intestine.
Symptoms:
#Blood and mucus in stool
#Predisposes one to colon cancer
How could the provider distinguish ulcerative colitis (UC) from Crohn disease? -
ANSWER -#UC only affects the large intestine, while Crohn's can affect the entire
length of the GI tract.
#Diarrhea can occur in both, but UC is more likely to present with blood in the stool.
#A colonoscopy will show pseudo polyps for UC but will show cobblestone appearance
for Crohn's
What is an appendicitis? What are the manifestations and complications? - ANSWER -
Appendicitis is inflammation of the vermiform appendix, usually caused by intraluminal
obstruction (gallstones, tumors, parasites, lymphatic tissue).
, Manifestations:
#RLQ pain with rebound tenderness at McBurney's point
#N/V
#Fever
Complications:
#Rupture and peritonitis
A patient has been diagnosed with pyelonephritis and asks the provider to explain the
condition. What is the best response from the provider? - ANSWER -"Pyelonephritis is
an infection of the kidney that most commonly is caused by a bacterium called E. coli."
#Inflammation of the kidneys
#Tx: antibiotics, usually hospitalization
Clients with acute kidney injury (AKI) may require either continuous renal replacement
therapy (CRRT) or hemodialysis. What is a major difference between CRRT and
hemodialysis? - ANSWER -#CRRT cleanses the blood in a 24-hour cycle, while
hemodialysis is performed over 4-6 hours several times a week.
What are the 3 different kinds of dialysis? - ANSWER -#Hemodialysis
#Peritoneal dialysis
#Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT)
What occurs during gas exchange?
Erythropoietin is secreted into the bloodstream.
Oxygen moves across the alveolar membrane into the bloodstream.
Carbon dioxide moves from the alveoli into the bloodstream.
Hemoglobin crosses the alveolar membrane to combine with oxygen. - ANSWER -
Oxygen moves across the alveolar membrane into the bloodstream.
Obstructive disorders, such as ______________ or __________ make it difficult for the
individual to fully exhale carbon dioxide and may also make inhalation difficult. -
ANSWER -asthma, copd
___________________ disorders, such as pneumothorax, make it difficult for the lungs
to fully expand for ventilation. - ANSWER -Restrictive
Disorders of the pulmonary vasculature are often complications from what? - ANSWER
-#Coagulation disorders
#Pulmonary obstructive disorders
#Respiratory infections
MEGAN/SHAY’S STUDY GUIDES EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
What is pancreatitis? - ANSWER -Inflammation of the pancreas that causes pancreatic
insufficiency, malabsorption, and diabetes. Pancreatitis can be an acute or chronic
disorder.
What is acute pancreatitis and what are its causes and manifestations? - ANSWER -
Acute pancreatitis is a sudden, short-term episode of inflammation.
Causes:
#Gallstones
#Excessive alcohol use
#High blood triglycerides
#Abdominal injury
#Certain medications and toxins
Manifestations:
#Abdominal pain
#N/V (following significant alcohol intake)
#Cullen sign (blue discoloration around the umbilicus is a hallmark)
What is chronic pancreatitis and what are its causes, manifestations, and
complications? - ANSWER -Chronic pancreatitis is the recurring destruction of the
pancreatic tissue that results in atrophy, fibrosis, scarring and the development of
calcification within the gland.
Causes:
#Gallstones (obstruct the flow of bile and pancreatic secretions into the duodenum;
backs up into the pancreas and it starts autodigesting itself).
#Alcohol (increased secretion of pancreatic enzymes and sphincter of oddi contracts;
enzymes pack up into pancreas).
Manifestations:
#Severe epigastric pain
#Vomiting
Complications:
#Hemorrhage
#Hypovolemic shock (massive inflammatory response that causes capillary leak)
#Circulatory collapse
#Peritonitis (enzymes escape into peritoneal cavity, causing inflammation)
,What is an ulcer? - ANSWER -Open sores in the lining of the digestive system. The
constant acid irritation leads to ulceration of the GI cells, also termed peptic ulcer.
What is a duodenal ulcer? - ANSWER -A type of peptic ulcer that forms in the upper
small intestine, most common symptom is pain in the mid to upper abdominal region
that intensifies when the stomach is empty or wakes you up in the middle of the night.
What is an esophageal ulcer? - ANSWER -Results from the reflux of acidic gastric
secretions into the esophagus. These can typically be treated with changes to lifestyle
and diet, coupled with certain medications and other treatments.
What is Crohn's disease and what symptoms might a patient exhibit? - ANSWER -
Crohn's is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease that affects the lining of the digestive
tract.
Symptoms:
#Perisistent diarrhea
#Rectal bleeding
#Urgent need to move bowels
#Abdominal cramps/pain
#Sensation of incomplete bowel evacuation
#Constipation, which can lead to bowel obstruction
What are causes of RLQ pain? - ANSWER -#Crohn's
#Appendicitis
What is ulcerative colitis (UC) and what symptoms might a patient exhibit? - ANSWER -
An autoimmune disease of the large intestine, specifically the colon and rectum. It
affects the mucosal layer of the large intestine.
Symptoms:
#Blood and mucus in stool
#Predisposes one to colon cancer
How could the provider distinguish ulcerative colitis (UC) from Crohn disease? -
ANSWER -#UC only affects the large intestine, while Crohn's can affect the entire
length of the GI tract.
#Diarrhea can occur in both, but UC is more likely to present with blood in the stool.
#A colonoscopy will show pseudo polyps for UC but will show cobblestone appearance
for Crohn's
What is an appendicitis? What are the manifestations and complications? - ANSWER -
Appendicitis is inflammation of the vermiform appendix, usually caused by intraluminal
obstruction (gallstones, tumors, parasites, lymphatic tissue).
, Manifestations:
#RLQ pain with rebound tenderness at McBurney's point
#N/V
#Fever
Complications:
#Rupture and peritonitis
A patient has been diagnosed with pyelonephritis and asks the provider to explain the
condition. What is the best response from the provider? - ANSWER -"Pyelonephritis is
an infection of the kidney that most commonly is caused by a bacterium called E. coli."
#Inflammation of the kidneys
#Tx: antibiotics, usually hospitalization
Clients with acute kidney injury (AKI) may require either continuous renal replacement
therapy (CRRT) or hemodialysis. What is a major difference between CRRT and
hemodialysis? - ANSWER -#CRRT cleanses the blood in a 24-hour cycle, while
hemodialysis is performed over 4-6 hours several times a week.
What are the 3 different kinds of dialysis? - ANSWER -#Hemodialysis
#Peritoneal dialysis
#Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT)
What occurs during gas exchange?
Erythropoietin is secreted into the bloodstream.
Oxygen moves across the alveolar membrane into the bloodstream.
Carbon dioxide moves from the alveoli into the bloodstream.
Hemoglobin crosses the alveolar membrane to combine with oxygen. - ANSWER -
Oxygen moves across the alveolar membrane into the bloodstream.
Obstructive disorders, such as ______________ or __________ make it difficult for the
individual to fully exhale carbon dioxide and may also make inhalation difficult. -
ANSWER -asthma, copd
___________________ disorders, such as pneumothorax, make it difficult for the lungs
to fully expand for ventilation. - ANSWER -Restrictive
Disorders of the pulmonary vasculature are often complications from what? - ANSWER
-#Coagulation disorders
#Pulmonary obstructive disorders
#Respiratory infections
