[HAADOphthalmology] HAAD
Ophthalmology DOH Licensureination for
Ophthalmology Certification Review Guide
**Question 1.** Which cranial nerve is primarily responsible for innervating the levator
palpebrae superioris muscle?
A) III
B) IV
C) V
D) VI
Answer: A
Explanation: The oculomotor nerve (CN III) supplies the levator palpebrae superioris, which
elevates the upper eyelid.
**Question 2.** The most common cause of congenital cataract in the newborn is:
A) Rubella infection
B) Traumatic injury
C) Metabolic disorder
D) Genetic mutation of the crystallin gene
Answer: A
Explanation: Maternal rubella infection during pregnancy is a leading cause of congenital
cataracts.
**Question 3.** In aqueous humor dynamics, the primary site of aqueous production is the:
A) Ciliary body epithelium
B) Trabecular meshwork
C) Schlemm’s canal
D) Vitreous body
, [HAADOphthalmology] HAAD
Ophthalmology DOH Licensureination for
Ophthalmology Certification Review Guide
Answer: A
Explanation: The non‑pigmented epithelium of the ciliary body secretes aqueous humor.
**Question 4.** Which of the following topical steroids is most associated with a rise in
intra‑ocular pressure?
A) Loteprednol etabonate
B) Fluorometholone
C) Prednisolone acetate
D) Dexamethasone phosphate
Answer: C
Explanation: Prednisolone acetate is a potent steroid with a higher risk of steroid‑induced
glaucoma.
**Question 5.** A 45‑year‑old patient presents with a corneal ulcer caused by Pseudomonas
aeruginosa. The best initial antibiotic therapy is:
A) Natamycin 5%
B) Fluoroquinolone eye drops
C) Acyclovir ointment
D) Topical amphotericin B
Answer: B
Explanation: Fluoroquinolone drops (e.g., ciprofloxacin) are first‑line for bacterial keratitis,
especially Pseudomonas.
**Question 6.** Which corneal dystrophy is characterized by stromal thinning and conical
protrusion of the cornea?
, [HAADOphthalmology] HAAD
Ophthalmology DOH Licensureination for
Ophthalmology Certification Review Guide
A) Granular dystrophy
B) Lattice dystrophy
C) Keratoconus
D) Fuchs endothelial dystrophy
Answer: C
Explanation: Keratoconus involves progressive stromal thinning and a cone‑shaped cornea.
**Question 7.** The most sensitive test for diagnosing dry eye disease is:
A) Schirmer I test
B) Tear break‑up time (TBUT)
C) Fluorescein staining
D) Meibomian gland expression
Answer: B
Explanation: TBUT measures tear film stability and is highly sensitive for dry eye.
**Question 8.** In corneal cross‑linking, the wavelength of UV‑A light used is:
A) 365 nm
B) 405 nm
C) 532 nm
D) 650 nm
Answer: A
Explanation: UV‑A at 365 nm is used to induce collagen cross‑linking in the corneal stroma.
, [HAADOphthalmology] HAAD
Ophthalmology DOH Licensureination for
Ophthalmology Certification Review Guide
**Question 9.** Which diagnostic test is most specific for primary open‑angle glaucoma
(POAG)?
A) Goldmann applanation tonometry
B) Gonioscopy showing open angles
C) Optical coherence tomography (OCT) of the retinal nerve fiber layer
D) Visual field testing with a 24‑2 pattern
Answer: C
Explanation: OCT provides quantitative assessment of RNFL thinning, a specific marker for
POAG.
**Question 10.** The hallmark visual field defect in early POAG is:
A) Bitemporal hemianopia
B) Central scotoma
C) Arcuate defect respecting the horizontal meridian
D) Altitudinal defect
Answer: C
Explanation: Early POAG often shows an arcuate scotoma that respects the horizontal midline.
**Question 11.** Which medication class reduces aqueous humor production by inhibiting
carbonic anhydrase?
A) Beta‑blockers
B) Prostaglandin analogues
C) Alpha‑agonists
D) Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
Ophthalmology DOH Licensureination for
Ophthalmology Certification Review Guide
**Question 1.** Which cranial nerve is primarily responsible for innervating the levator
palpebrae superioris muscle?
A) III
B) IV
C) V
D) VI
Answer: A
Explanation: The oculomotor nerve (CN III) supplies the levator palpebrae superioris, which
elevates the upper eyelid.
**Question 2.** The most common cause of congenital cataract in the newborn is:
A) Rubella infection
B) Traumatic injury
C) Metabolic disorder
D) Genetic mutation of the crystallin gene
Answer: A
Explanation: Maternal rubella infection during pregnancy is a leading cause of congenital
cataracts.
**Question 3.** In aqueous humor dynamics, the primary site of aqueous production is the:
A) Ciliary body epithelium
B) Trabecular meshwork
C) Schlemm’s canal
D) Vitreous body
, [HAADOphthalmology] HAAD
Ophthalmology DOH Licensureination for
Ophthalmology Certification Review Guide
Answer: A
Explanation: The non‑pigmented epithelium of the ciliary body secretes aqueous humor.
**Question 4.** Which of the following topical steroids is most associated with a rise in
intra‑ocular pressure?
A) Loteprednol etabonate
B) Fluorometholone
C) Prednisolone acetate
D) Dexamethasone phosphate
Answer: C
Explanation: Prednisolone acetate is a potent steroid with a higher risk of steroid‑induced
glaucoma.
**Question 5.** A 45‑year‑old patient presents with a corneal ulcer caused by Pseudomonas
aeruginosa. The best initial antibiotic therapy is:
A) Natamycin 5%
B) Fluoroquinolone eye drops
C) Acyclovir ointment
D) Topical amphotericin B
Answer: B
Explanation: Fluoroquinolone drops (e.g., ciprofloxacin) are first‑line for bacterial keratitis,
especially Pseudomonas.
**Question 6.** Which corneal dystrophy is characterized by stromal thinning and conical
protrusion of the cornea?
, [HAADOphthalmology] HAAD
Ophthalmology DOH Licensureination for
Ophthalmology Certification Review Guide
A) Granular dystrophy
B) Lattice dystrophy
C) Keratoconus
D) Fuchs endothelial dystrophy
Answer: C
Explanation: Keratoconus involves progressive stromal thinning and a cone‑shaped cornea.
**Question 7.** The most sensitive test for diagnosing dry eye disease is:
A) Schirmer I test
B) Tear break‑up time (TBUT)
C) Fluorescein staining
D) Meibomian gland expression
Answer: B
Explanation: TBUT measures tear film stability and is highly sensitive for dry eye.
**Question 8.** In corneal cross‑linking, the wavelength of UV‑A light used is:
A) 365 nm
B) 405 nm
C) 532 nm
D) 650 nm
Answer: A
Explanation: UV‑A at 365 nm is used to induce collagen cross‑linking in the corneal stroma.
, [HAADOphthalmology] HAAD
Ophthalmology DOH Licensureination for
Ophthalmology Certification Review Guide
**Question 9.** Which diagnostic test is most specific for primary open‑angle glaucoma
(POAG)?
A) Goldmann applanation tonometry
B) Gonioscopy showing open angles
C) Optical coherence tomography (OCT) of the retinal nerve fiber layer
D) Visual field testing with a 24‑2 pattern
Answer: C
Explanation: OCT provides quantitative assessment of RNFL thinning, a specific marker for
POAG.
**Question 10.** The hallmark visual field defect in early POAG is:
A) Bitemporal hemianopia
B) Central scotoma
C) Arcuate defect respecting the horizontal meridian
D) Altitudinal defect
Answer: C
Explanation: Early POAG often shows an arcuate scotoma that respects the horizontal midline.
**Question 11.** Which medication class reduces aqueous humor production by inhibiting
carbonic anhydrase?
A) Beta‑blockers
B) Prostaglandin analogues
C) Alpha‑agonists
D) Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
