CSO EXAM 2026 WITH QUESTIONS AND WELL
DETAILED ANSWERS|| GRADED A+|| LATEST UPDATE
Ageusia -CORRECTANSWER Loss or absence of the sense of taste
Allogenic marrow transplantation -CORRECTANSWER Transfer of marrow from donor
to another person who is not genetically identical
Antineoplastic agents -CORRECTANSWER Chemical agents (cytotoxics, biotherapies,
hormones) or other agents used to prevent the development, maturation or spread of
neoplastic cells
antioxidants -CORRECTANSWER molecules (ie. vitamins) that block action of activated
oxygen molecules (free radicals) that can demage cells
autologous marrow transplantation -CORRECTANSWER transfer of marrow from the
pt's OWN tissue (from hematopietic stem cells)
cancer cachexia -CORRECTANSWER per sample test question:temporal wasting,
depleted fat stores, profound anorexia
,Multifactorial syndrome characterized by ongoing loss of skeletal muscle mass,
anorexia, early satiety, wt loss, anemia, edema, fatigue, possible metabolic alterations,
increased inflammatory markers and progressive functional impairment.
Pathophysiology characterized by negative protein energy balance driven by variable
combination of reduced food intake and abnormal metabolism
carcinogen -CORRECTANSWER an agent (physical, chemical, or viral) that induces
CA
carcinogenesis -CORRECTANSWER the origin or development of CA, a multistage,
biological process that proceeds on a continuum but is often described in stages of
initiation, promotion and progression
cytokines -CORRECTANSWER protein mediators produced by inflammatory cells in
response to exogenous stimuli, produce metabolic changes & wasting
dysgeusia -CORRECTANSWER altered taste
graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) -CORRECTANSWER a disease caused by the
immune response of histoincompatible, immunocompetent donor cells against the
tissues of an immunoincompetent host; an immuniologic reaction of allogeneic donor
cells (graft) reacting against the pt (host) tissues
,evidenced by icterus & abnormal liver functions, severe /secretory diarrhea - may need
total bowel rest --> isomotic, low residue, lactose-free diet --> solids with low lactose,
fiber, fat & acideity, gastric irritants --> regular diet
- usually 3 onths after transplant (but may be 7-10 days post)
hypogeusia -CORRECTANSWER decreased taste acuity
initiation -CORRECTANSWER the initial stage of tumorigenesis, involving
transformation of cellular DNA
malignant neoplasm -CORRECTANSWER mass of cancer cells that invades
surrounding tissues or spreads to distant areas of body
metastasis -CORRECTANSWER growth of malignant tissue THAT SPREADS to
surrounding tissue or organs
myelosuppression -CORRECTANSWER suppression of bone marrow cell production
neutropenia -CORRECTANSWER a reduction of WBC (neutrophils) that can be caused
by chemo or XRT, results in increased susceptibility to life-threatening infections
pancytopenia -CORRECTANSWER a reduction in all cellular elements of the blood
(WBC, RBC, platlets)
, phytochemicals -CORRECTANSWER nonutritive compounds in plants thought to
influence the process of tumorigenesis.
Compounds in plants (apart from vitamins, minerals, and macronutrients) that have a
beneficial effect the body.
progression -CORRECTANSWER the phase in which tumor cells aggregate, grow
autonomously and form benign tumors that eventually lead to malignant phenotype with
the capacity for tissue invasion & mets
Promotion -CORRECTANSWER The stage of tumorigenesis in which initiated cells are
activated by a promoting agent to multiply and form a discrete tumor
radiation-induced enteritis -CORRECTANSWER a condition of inflammation that can
occur after XRT to the GI tract & that leads to diarrhea & malabsorption
staging -CORRECTANSWER a classification system known as TNM that is used to
identify the "extent" of the tumor: its size, the degree of growth & spread;
T - size of tumor
N- degree of spread to lymph nodes
M- presence of mets
DETAILED ANSWERS|| GRADED A+|| LATEST UPDATE
Ageusia -CORRECTANSWER Loss or absence of the sense of taste
Allogenic marrow transplantation -CORRECTANSWER Transfer of marrow from donor
to another person who is not genetically identical
Antineoplastic agents -CORRECTANSWER Chemical agents (cytotoxics, biotherapies,
hormones) or other agents used to prevent the development, maturation or spread of
neoplastic cells
antioxidants -CORRECTANSWER molecules (ie. vitamins) that block action of activated
oxygen molecules (free radicals) that can demage cells
autologous marrow transplantation -CORRECTANSWER transfer of marrow from the
pt's OWN tissue (from hematopietic stem cells)
cancer cachexia -CORRECTANSWER per sample test question:temporal wasting,
depleted fat stores, profound anorexia
,Multifactorial syndrome characterized by ongoing loss of skeletal muscle mass,
anorexia, early satiety, wt loss, anemia, edema, fatigue, possible metabolic alterations,
increased inflammatory markers and progressive functional impairment.
Pathophysiology characterized by negative protein energy balance driven by variable
combination of reduced food intake and abnormal metabolism
carcinogen -CORRECTANSWER an agent (physical, chemical, or viral) that induces
CA
carcinogenesis -CORRECTANSWER the origin or development of CA, a multistage,
biological process that proceeds on a continuum but is often described in stages of
initiation, promotion and progression
cytokines -CORRECTANSWER protein mediators produced by inflammatory cells in
response to exogenous stimuli, produce metabolic changes & wasting
dysgeusia -CORRECTANSWER altered taste
graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) -CORRECTANSWER a disease caused by the
immune response of histoincompatible, immunocompetent donor cells against the
tissues of an immunoincompetent host; an immuniologic reaction of allogeneic donor
cells (graft) reacting against the pt (host) tissues
,evidenced by icterus & abnormal liver functions, severe /secretory diarrhea - may need
total bowel rest --> isomotic, low residue, lactose-free diet --> solids with low lactose,
fiber, fat & acideity, gastric irritants --> regular diet
- usually 3 onths after transplant (but may be 7-10 days post)
hypogeusia -CORRECTANSWER decreased taste acuity
initiation -CORRECTANSWER the initial stage of tumorigenesis, involving
transformation of cellular DNA
malignant neoplasm -CORRECTANSWER mass of cancer cells that invades
surrounding tissues or spreads to distant areas of body
metastasis -CORRECTANSWER growth of malignant tissue THAT SPREADS to
surrounding tissue or organs
myelosuppression -CORRECTANSWER suppression of bone marrow cell production
neutropenia -CORRECTANSWER a reduction of WBC (neutrophils) that can be caused
by chemo or XRT, results in increased susceptibility to life-threatening infections
pancytopenia -CORRECTANSWER a reduction in all cellular elements of the blood
(WBC, RBC, platlets)
, phytochemicals -CORRECTANSWER nonutritive compounds in plants thought to
influence the process of tumorigenesis.
Compounds in plants (apart from vitamins, minerals, and macronutrients) that have a
beneficial effect the body.
progression -CORRECTANSWER the phase in which tumor cells aggregate, grow
autonomously and form benign tumors that eventually lead to malignant phenotype with
the capacity for tissue invasion & mets
Promotion -CORRECTANSWER The stage of tumorigenesis in which initiated cells are
activated by a promoting agent to multiply and form a discrete tumor
radiation-induced enteritis -CORRECTANSWER a condition of inflammation that can
occur after XRT to the GI tract & that leads to diarrhea & malabsorption
staging -CORRECTANSWER a classification system known as TNM that is used to
identify the "extent" of the tumor: its size, the degree of growth & spread;
T - size of tumor
N- degree of spread to lymph nodes
M- presence of mets
