BI358 - Animals Form and Function Midterm #1 Questions
With Complete Solutions
6 classes of neurotransmitters Correct Answers Choline
derivative, biogenic amines, amino acids, purines,
neuropeptides, unique molecules; many have dual roles as
neurotransmitters and neurohormones
Absolute refractory period Correct Answers 1-2 ms, not
affected by a second stimulus, most voltage gated Na channels
are still inactivated and cannot open
Acclimation Correct Answers same as above, but in response to
a controlled change in a lab environment
Acclimitization Correct Answers occurs in adults in response to
natural environmental variation and is usually reversible
Actin myofilaments Correct Answers composed of G actin
which bind together to form F actin in double helical strands
action potentials Correct Answers all or none events, that can
transmit signals long distances along axons, and can be initiated
by strong graded potentials
Actions consuming ATP Correct Answers Movement,
membrane transport, molecular synthesis
Activation energy Correct Answers energy needed to pass
through the transition state
,Active transport Correct Answers mechanisms that require
energy move substances against diffusion gradients, two types:
primary active transport and secondary active transport
Adrenal gland Correct Answers secretes several hormones,
composed of an outer cortex and inner medulla, contains
interrenal cells that secrete the glucocorticoid hormone cortisol,
which triggers energy mobilization
Adrenergic receptors Correct Answers metabotropic receptors
and bind both epinephrine and norepinephrine, 2 classes: alpha
and beta
Afferent neurons Correct Answers transmit sensory information
from the internal or external environment to the central nervous
system (CNS)
After hyperpolarization Correct Answers voltage gated K
channels are slow to close so hyperpolarization occurs after
which the membrane potential slowly returns to its resting
values
Agonist Correct Answers imitate natural ligands and bind to
receptor, when bound it initiates signal transduction pathways
that generally amplify the signal
Allomones Correct Answers signals between individuals from
different species
, allosteric modulation Correct Answers modular binds a
regulatory site far from the active site that alters the shape of the
active site preventing further binding
Anaerobic glycolysis Correct Answers only yields 2 ATP, most
animals make lactate in this condition to regenerate NAD+,
some animals make use of other reactions
Analogous structures Correct Answers Body parts that share a
common function, but not structure
Anatomy of ANS Correct Answers pre ganglionic fibres- cell
body in the brainstem or spinal cord, thinly myelinated axon
projects to autonomic ganglia
post ganglionic fibres- cell body in the autonomic ganglia,
unmyelinated axon projects to visceral effector organ
Antagonist Correct Answers bind receptors but elicit no cellular
response
Antagonistic controls Correct Answers exerting opposite effects
often provide fine tuned regulation at a set point (e.g.,
mammalian body temperature is ~37 degrees)
Anterior pituitary Correct Answers composed of epithelial
tissue, neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus release tropic
hormones into hypothalamus pituitary portal system, these
hormones stimulate the release of different hormones from the
anterior pituitary
With Complete Solutions
6 classes of neurotransmitters Correct Answers Choline
derivative, biogenic amines, amino acids, purines,
neuropeptides, unique molecules; many have dual roles as
neurotransmitters and neurohormones
Absolute refractory period Correct Answers 1-2 ms, not
affected by a second stimulus, most voltage gated Na channels
are still inactivated and cannot open
Acclimation Correct Answers same as above, but in response to
a controlled change in a lab environment
Acclimitization Correct Answers occurs in adults in response to
natural environmental variation and is usually reversible
Actin myofilaments Correct Answers composed of G actin
which bind together to form F actin in double helical strands
action potentials Correct Answers all or none events, that can
transmit signals long distances along axons, and can be initiated
by strong graded potentials
Actions consuming ATP Correct Answers Movement,
membrane transport, molecular synthesis
Activation energy Correct Answers energy needed to pass
through the transition state
,Active transport Correct Answers mechanisms that require
energy move substances against diffusion gradients, two types:
primary active transport and secondary active transport
Adrenal gland Correct Answers secretes several hormones,
composed of an outer cortex and inner medulla, contains
interrenal cells that secrete the glucocorticoid hormone cortisol,
which triggers energy mobilization
Adrenergic receptors Correct Answers metabotropic receptors
and bind both epinephrine and norepinephrine, 2 classes: alpha
and beta
Afferent neurons Correct Answers transmit sensory information
from the internal or external environment to the central nervous
system (CNS)
After hyperpolarization Correct Answers voltage gated K
channels are slow to close so hyperpolarization occurs after
which the membrane potential slowly returns to its resting
values
Agonist Correct Answers imitate natural ligands and bind to
receptor, when bound it initiates signal transduction pathways
that generally amplify the signal
Allomones Correct Answers signals between individuals from
different species
, allosteric modulation Correct Answers modular binds a
regulatory site far from the active site that alters the shape of the
active site preventing further binding
Anaerobic glycolysis Correct Answers only yields 2 ATP, most
animals make lactate in this condition to regenerate NAD+,
some animals make use of other reactions
Analogous structures Correct Answers Body parts that share a
common function, but not structure
Anatomy of ANS Correct Answers pre ganglionic fibres- cell
body in the brainstem or spinal cord, thinly myelinated axon
projects to autonomic ganglia
post ganglionic fibres- cell body in the autonomic ganglia,
unmyelinated axon projects to visceral effector organ
Antagonist Correct Answers bind receptors but elicit no cellular
response
Antagonistic controls Correct Answers exerting opposite effects
often provide fine tuned regulation at a set point (e.g.,
mammalian body temperature is ~37 degrees)
Anterior pituitary Correct Answers composed of epithelial
tissue, neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus release tropic
hormones into hypothalamus pituitary portal system, these
hormones stimulate the release of different hormones from the
anterior pituitary
