BIO 171 Microbiology: BIO 171 Module 2 Study Guide
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, Adenosine Triphosphate ( ATP)
Most widely used form of energy in cells
If a phosphate group is removed from ATP, it becomes adenosine diphosphate, ( ADP) . ATP
has energy to donate, while ADP can accept energy (phosphate group) to become ATP.
- By donating available phosphate groups, ATP transfers energy from catabolic (
breaking down) reactions to be used for anabolism (building up).
Production
- Phototrophs acquire energy from photons of light to generate ATP from ADP
- Chemotrophs acquire energy from preformed ( already existing) chemicals found in the
environment
➔ Organotrophs remove electrons from organic molecules (such as glucose)
➔ Lithotrophs remove electrons from inorganic molecules (such as elemental sulfur)
- Heterotrophs are microorganisms that derives its carbon from organic molecules, such as
sugars
- Autotrophs are organisms that derive their carbon from inorganic molecules, most often
from carbon dioxide (CO2)
How is ATP formed?
Photophosphorylation : Light energy is used to power the formation of ATP from ADP.
Substrate-level phosphorylation : The phosphoryl (PO3) group of a chemical compound is
transferred and donated (added) directly to ADP. The chemical compound losing the phosphate
group is referred to as the phosphorylated reactive intermediate.
Oxidative phosphorylation : This process is used by chemotrophs. The energy released by the
chemical oxidation of nutrients is used to reform ATP. This process occurs in the mitochondria
of eukaryotic cells and is highly efficient.
2.1- Glucose Metabolism
Glycolysis begins with the breakdown of a single molecule of glucose.
Glucose + 2 NAD+ + [2 ADP + 2 Pi]→ 2 Pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 ATP + 2 H+
In order for glycolysis to continue to proceed, microorganisms must convert NADH back to
NAD+.
Two main stages of reversion:
Fermentation
This study source was downloaded by 100000903674671 from CourseHero.com on 02-26-2026 09:26:59 GMT -06:00
https://www.coursehero.com/file/252999789/Microbiology-module-2-notespdf/
, Adenosine Triphosphate ( ATP)
Most widely used form of energy in cells
If a phosphate group is removed from ATP, it becomes adenosine diphosphate, ( ADP) . ATP
has energy to donate, while ADP can accept energy (phosphate group) to become ATP.
- By donating available phosphate groups, ATP transfers energy from catabolic (
breaking down) reactions to be used for anabolism (building up).
Production
- Phototrophs acquire energy from photons of light to generate ATP from ADP
- Chemotrophs acquire energy from preformed ( already existing) chemicals found in the
environment
➔ Organotrophs remove electrons from organic molecules (such as glucose)
➔ Lithotrophs remove electrons from inorganic molecules (such as elemental sulfur)
- Heterotrophs are microorganisms that derives its carbon from organic molecules, such as
sugars
- Autotrophs are organisms that derive their carbon from inorganic molecules, most often
from carbon dioxide (CO2)
How is ATP formed?
Photophosphorylation : Light energy is used to power the formation of ATP from ADP.
Substrate-level phosphorylation : The phosphoryl (PO3) group of a chemical compound is
transferred and donated (added) directly to ADP. The chemical compound losing the phosphate
group is referred to as the phosphorylated reactive intermediate.
Oxidative phosphorylation : This process is used by chemotrophs. The energy released by the
chemical oxidation of nutrients is used to reform ATP. This process occurs in the mitochondria
of eukaryotic cells and is highly efficient.
2.1- Glucose Metabolism
Glycolysis begins with the breakdown of a single molecule of glucose.
Glucose + 2 NAD+ + [2 ADP + 2 Pi]→ 2 Pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 ATP + 2 H+
In order for glycolysis to continue to proceed, microorganisms must convert NADH back to
NAD+.
Two main stages of reversion:
Fermentation
