WGU PATHOPHYSIOLOGY D236
EXAM SET QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
Anion Gap - ANSWER -apparent different between abundances of cations (K+ and
Ca+) and anions (Cl- and HCO3-)
Bigger anion gap - ANSWER -Lactic acidosis
Ketoacidosis
Renal Failure
Overdose ASA
what causes larger anion gap? - ANSWER -increased H+ absorbs excess HCO3-
leaves less HCO3- in blood stream
creates bigger anion gap
equals metabolic acidosis
Respiratory Acidosis (CO2 retention= decreased pH) - ANSWER -COPD
Infection
Asthma
Respiratory Alkalosis (CO2 expulsion= increased pH) - ANSWER -Hyperventilation
Metabolic acidosis - ANSWER -DKA
Metabolic alkalosis - ANSWER -Retention of sodium bicarbonate
prolonged vomiting
Increased CO2 due to pulmonary edema. What helps body compensate for increased
CO2? - ANSWER -Increased CO2= Acidosis (low pH)
Kidneys excrete H+ (an acid) and conserve HCO3- (a base)
STrains - ANSWER -Tendons are pulled, small blood vessels tear and nerve endings
are irritated
Sprains - ANSWER -Ligament is stretched and over extended
Grade 1 ankle sprain - ANSWER -mild swelling, no joint instability, fully/partially able to
bear weight
Grade 2 ankle sprain - ANSWER -moderate to severe swelling, bruising, moderate
functional loss, mild to moderate joint instability, difficult to bear weight
, Grade 3 ankle sprain - ANSWER -rupture of ligament. severe swelling,
bruising/discoloration, complete inability to bear weight, moderate to severe joint
instability
Melanoma - ANSWER -larger than 6mm, black or brown in color, irregular shape, flat
basal cell carcinoma - ANSWER -Commonly on face. shiny, translucent or pearly
domes with telangiectasias
Squamous cell carcinoma - ANSWER -Red lesion, red-scaly crust, non-healing ulcer, or
firm nodule
Superficial burns (1st degree) - ANSWER -Severe sunburn
Painful
from hot liquid splash or brief flash burn
dry skin, no blisters, vasodilation causes swelling and redness
Superficial partial-thickness (2nd degree) - ANSWER -Charred epidermis and papillary
dermal layer
swelling and blisters present
Wet, raw, pink or red and blanchable skin
Painful
from hot liquid scalding or direct contact with chemicals, flash, or open flame
Deep partial-thickness (2nd degree) - ANSWER -Extends from epidermis through the
papillary and reticular layers of dermis
wet, raw, pink or red blanchable skin but more mottled
May or May not be painful
Blisters are present and should not be opened (risk for infection)
Full thickness (3rd degree) - ANSWER -Damage to epidermis, dermis, hair follicles, and
all underlying structures
Rarely painful due to nerve destruction
White, brown, black, or red skin
Edema to surrounding tissue
from prolonged exposure to intense heat, open flames, electrical currents or chemicals
Body response to infection - ANSWER -T cells produce cytokines which stimulate B
cells. B cells produce antibodies
Factors that disrupt homeostasis and how they affect wellbeing - ANSWER -fluid and
electrolyte shifts can cause n/v or dysrhythmias
RAAS - ANSWER -1. reduce blood flow causes kidneys to release renin
2. produce angiotensin I
converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II
EXAM SET QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
Anion Gap - ANSWER -apparent different between abundances of cations (K+ and
Ca+) and anions (Cl- and HCO3-)
Bigger anion gap - ANSWER -Lactic acidosis
Ketoacidosis
Renal Failure
Overdose ASA
what causes larger anion gap? - ANSWER -increased H+ absorbs excess HCO3-
leaves less HCO3- in blood stream
creates bigger anion gap
equals metabolic acidosis
Respiratory Acidosis (CO2 retention= decreased pH) - ANSWER -COPD
Infection
Asthma
Respiratory Alkalosis (CO2 expulsion= increased pH) - ANSWER -Hyperventilation
Metabolic acidosis - ANSWER -DKA
Metabolic alkalosis - ANSWER -Retention of sodium bicarbonate
prolonged vomiting
Increased CO2 due to pulmonary edema. What helps body compensate for increased
CO2? - ANSWER -Increased CO2= Acidosis (low pH)
Kidneys excrete H+ (an acid) and conserve HCO3- (a base)
STrains - ANSWER -Tendons are pulled, small blood vessels tear and nerve endings
are irritated
Sprains - ANSWER -Ligament is stretched and over extended
Grade 1 ankle sprain - ANSWER -mild swelling, no joint instability, fully/partially able to
bear weight
Grade 2 ankle sprain - ANSWER -moderate to severe swelling, bruising, moderate
functional loss, mild to moderate joint instability, difficult to bear weight
, Grade 3 ankle sprain - ANSWER -rupture of ligament. severe swelling,
bruising/discoloration, complete inability to bear weight, moderate to severe joint
instability
Melanoma - ANSWER -larger than 6mm, black or brown in color, irregular shape, flat
basal cell carcinoma - ANSWER -Commonly on face. shiny, translucent or pearly
domes with telangiectasias
Squamous cell carcinoma - ANSWER -Red lesion, red-scaly crust, non-healing ulcer, or
firm nodule
Superficial burns (1st degree) - ANSWER -Severe sunburn
Painful
from hot liquid splash or brief flash burn
dry skin, no blisters, vasodilation causes swelling and redness
Superficial partial-thickness (2nd degree) - ANSWER -Charred epidermis and papillary
dermal layer
swelling and blisters present
Wet, raw, pink or red and blanchable skin
Painful
from hot liquid scalding or direct contact with chemicals, flash, or open flame
Deep partial-thickness (2nd degree) - ANSWER -Extends from epidermis through the
papillary and reticular layers of dermis
wet, raw, pink or red blanchable skin but more mottled
May or May not be painful
Blisters are present and should not be opened (risk for infection)
Full thickness (3rd degree) - ANSWER -Damage to epidermis, dermis, hair follicles, and
all underlying structures
Rarely painful due to nerve destruction
White, brown, black, or red skin
Edema to surrounding tissue
from prolonged exposure to intense heat, open flames, electrical currents or chemicals
Body response to infection - ANSWER -T cells produce cytokines which stimulate B
cells. B cells produce antibodies
Factors that disrupt homeostasis and how they affect wellbeing - ANSWER -fluid and
electrolyte shifts can cause n/v or dysrhythmias
RAAS - ANSWER -1. reduce blood flow causes kidneys to release renin
2. produce angiotensin I
converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II
