NURS 611-Patho Exam 3 Comprehensive Review Questions and Answers Graded A+ 2026 UPDATE

1. What are clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism? a. Intolerance to heat, tachycardia, and weight loss b. Oligomenorrhea, fatigue, and warm skin c. Restlessness, increased appetite, and metrorrhagia d. Constipation, decreased heat rate, and lethargy The lower levels of thyroid hormone result in decreased energy metabolism, resulting in constipation, bradycardia, and lethargy, thus eliminating the remaining options. 2. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is released to stimulate thyroid hormone (TH) and is inhibited when plasma levels of TH are adequate. This is an example of: a. Positive feedback b. Neural regulation c. Negative feedback d. Physiologic regulation Negative feedback. Feedback systems provide precise monitoring and control of the cellular environment. Negative feedback occurs because the changing chemical, neural, or endocrine response to a stimulus negates the initiating change that triggered the release of the hormone. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) from the hypothalamus stimulates TSH secretion from the anterior pituitary. Secretion of TSH stimulates the synthesis and secretion of THs. Increasing levels of T4 and triiodothyronine (T3) then generate negative feedback on the pituitary and hypothalamus to inhibit TRH and TSH synthesis. 3. Lipid-soluble hormone receptors are located: a. Inside the plasma membrane in the cytoplasm b. On the outer surface of the plasma membrane c. Inside the mitochondria d. On the inner surface of the plasma membrane Inside the plasma membrane in the cytoplasm. Lipid-soluble hormone receptors are located inside the plasma membrane and easily diffuse across the plasma membrane to bind to either cytosolic or nuclear receptors. 4. The releasing hormones that are made in the hypothalamus travel to the anterior pituitary via the: a. Vessels of the zona fasciculata b. Hypophyseal stalk c. Infundibular stem d. Portal hypophyseal blood vessels Portal hypophyseal blood vessels. Releasing and inhibitory hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and are secreted into the portal blood vessels through which they travel to the anterior pituitary hormones. 5. Which mineral is needed for thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) to stimulate the secretion of thyroid hormone (TH)? a. Iron b. Iodide c. Zinc d. Copper Iodide. TSH, which is synthesized and stored in the anterior pituitary, stimulates secretion of TH by activating intracellular processes, including the uptake of iodine necessary for the synthesis of TH. 6. What effect does hyperphosphatemia have on other electrolytes? a. Increases serum calcium b. Decreases serum magnesium c. Decreases serum calcium d. Increases serum magnesium Decreases serum calcium. Hyperphosphatemia leads to hypocalcemia. Remember that phos and calcium are inversely related. 7. Insulin transports which electrolyte in the cell? a. Potassium b. Sodium c. Calcium d. Phosphorus Potassium. Insulin facilitates the intracellular transport of potassium, phosphate, and magnesium. 8. Which second messenger is stimulated by epinephrine binding to a β-adrenergic receptor? a. Calcium b. Inositol triphosphate (IP3) c. Diacylglycerol (DAG) d. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Second-messenger molecules are the initial link between the first signal (hormone) and the inside of the cell. For example, the binding of epinephrine to a β adrenergic–receptor subtype activates (through a stimulatory G protein) the enzyme, adenylyl cyclase. Adenylyl cyclase catalyzes the conversion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to the second messenger, 3', and 5'-cAMP. 9. Regulation of the release of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla is an example of which type of regulation? a. Negative feedback b. Neural c. Positive feedback d. Physiologic Neural. The release of hormones occurs either in response to an alteration in the cellular environment or in the process of maintaining a regulated level of certain hormones or certain substances. Several different mechanisms, one of which is neural control (e.g., stress-induced release of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla), regulate the release of hormones.