Essentials in Nutrition BIOD 121
Portage Learning Module 3 Exam
2026 ACTUAL Exam Questions
With Correct And Well Analyzed
Answers Graded A+
enzyme
Protein that catalyzes metabolic reactions, and are necessary for
most biochemical reactions to occur.
- amylase
- protease
- lipase
Digestive enzymes specifically break down food substances.
Examples include:
________ for carbohydrate
________ for protein, and
________ for Lipids/Fat.
hormones
Chemicals produced by cells (typically in an endocrine gland), and
are secreted, then affect the behavior of cells at distal sites in the
body.
cholecystokinin, secretin.
Examples of hormones in digestion include:
_________ and __________.
Peristalsis
,a muscular wave action that occurs throughout the intestinal tract. It
is controlled by the central nervous system and facilitates excretion
by propelling food stuff through the body.
1- Liver
2- Gallbladder
3- Pancreas
what are the 3 accessory organs
pancreas
- Makes enzymes for the chemical digestion of carbs, proteins, and
fats
- Makes sodium bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid
- liver
- gallbladder
• _______ - Makes bile
• _______ - Stores bile
Passive (Simple) Diffusion (Transport)
Nutrients like water & lipid byproducts pass freely across membranes
via a concentration gradient.
Facilitated Diffusion (Transport)
Nutrients like water soluble vitamins diffuse across membranes using
a specific/selective transport protein
Active Transport
Nutrients like glucose & amino acids move across membranes
against a concentration gradient using a specific/selective transport
protein & energy/ATP.
- Blood vessels
- Lymphatic vessels
Transportation of Nutrients
• _________: water soluble nutrients
• _________: fat soluble nutrients
Catabolic reactions
, Breaking down (things get smaller). Involve hydrolysis reactions. Are
degrading or destructive in nature.
Anabolic reactions
Building up (things get bigger). Involve condensation reactions. Are
synthesizing or constructive in nature.
Homeostasis
The balance of catabolic and anabolic reactions in a person so a
relatively stable internal environment or equilibrium is achieved.
- Duodenum, Jejunum
- Ileum
- Colon (large Intestine)
Sites of Absorption
• ________ & ________: many nutrients
• ________: only selected nutrients
• ________: water
Protein Digestion
• protein strand is broken & amino acids are released.
• Occurs by protease enzymes secreted by the pancreas & GI mucosal
cells.
• Amino acids are absorbed, transported to cells and then used to
build proteins
Protein Denaturation
• Causes protein to change shape or conformation.
• The protein and the amino acids are still intact.
• caused by heat, alkali/acid treatments, or metals.
• Is required before the protein can be digested.
Protein Synthesis
(Protein is synthesized in a process of converting DNA to RNA & then
protein)
We eat protein, denature & digest the protein, absorb & transport the
amino acids to the cells, then within each cell, protein is made
according to the DNA.
Portage Learning Module 3 Exam
2026 ACTUAL Exam Questions
With Correct And Well Analyzed
Answers Graded A+
enzyme
Protein that catalyzes metabolic reactions, and are necessary for
most biochemical reactions to occur.
- amylase
- protease
- lipase
Digestive enzymes specifically break down food substances.
Examples include:
________ for carbohydrate
________ for protein, and
________ for Lipids/Fat.
hormones
Chemicals produced by cells (typically in an endocrine gland), and
are secreted, then affect the behavior of cells at distal sites in the
body.
cholecystokinin, secretin.
Examples of hormones in digestion include:
_________ and __________.
Peristalsis
,a muscular wave action that occurs throughout the intestinal tract. It
is controlled by the central nervous system and facilitates excretion
by propelling food stuff through the body.
1- Liver
2- Gallbladder
3- Pancreas
what are the 3 accessory organs
pancreas
- Makes enzymes for the chemical digestion of carbs, proteins, and
fats
- Makes sodium bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid
- liver
- gallbladder
• _______ - Makes bile
• _______ - Stores bile
Passive (Simple) Diffusion (Transport)
Nutrients like water & lipid byproducts pass freely across membranes
via a concentration gradient.
Facilitated Diffusion (Transport)
Nutrients like water soluble vitamins diffuse across membranes using
a specific/selective transport protein
Active Transport
Nutrients like glucose & amino acids move across membranes
against a concentration gradient using a specific/selective transport
protein & energy/ATP.
- Blood vessels
- Lymphatic vessels
Transportation of Nutrients
• _________: water soluble nutrients
• _________: fat soluble nutrients
Catabolic reactions
, Breaking down (things get smaller). Involve hydrolysis reactions. Are
degrading or destructive in nature.
Anabolic reactions
Building up (things get bigger). Involve condensation reactions. Are
synthesizing or constructive in nature.
Homeostasis
The balance of catabolic and anabolic reactions in a person so a
relatively stable internal environment or equilibrium is achieved.
- Duodenum, Jejunum
- Ileum
- Colon (large Intestine)
Sites of Absorption
• ________ & ________: many nutrients
• ________: only selected nutrients
• ________: water
Protein Digestion
• protein strand is broken & amino acids are released.
• Occurs by protease enzymes secreted by the pancreas & GI mucosal
cells.
• Amino acids are absorbed, transported to cells and then used to
build proteins
Protein Denaturation
• Causes protein to change shape or conformation.
• The protein and the amino acids are still intact.
• caused by heat, alkali/acid treatments, or metals.
• Is required before the protein can be digested.
Protein Synthesis
(Protein is synthesized in a process of converting DNA to RNA & then
protein)
We eat protein, denature & digest the protein, absorb & transport the
amino acids to the cells, then within each cell, protein is made
according to the DNA.
