NS 202 - Assessment of Cardiovascular and Hemodynamics Exam: Heart Sounds S1–S4, Valve Anatomy and Function (AV and SL), Murmurs and Grading, Coronary Artery Circulation (LMCA, LAD, Circumflex, RCA, PDA), Cardiac Cycle Phases (Systole & Diastole), Stroke

NS 202 - Assessment of Cardiovascular and Hemodynamics Exam: Heart Sounds S1–S4, Valve Anatomy and Function (AV and SL), Murmurs and Grading, Coronary Artery Circulation (LMCA, LAD, Circumflex, RCA, PDA), Cardiac Cycle Phases (Systole & Diastole), Stroke Volume Determinants (Preload, Afterload, Contractility, Starling’s Law), and Pathophysiology of Heart Failure, Valve Disease, and Hemodynamic Alterations Exam Questions Verified and Provided with Complete A+ Graded Answers Latest Updated 2026 S1 - Lub Tricuspid and mitral valve closing during systole S2 - Dub Aortic and Pulmonic valves closing at beginning of diastole 2nd ICS right sternal border where is aortic valve heard 4th ICS Left sternal border where is tricuspid valve heard 2nd ICS left sternal border where is pulmonic valve heard 5th ICS midclavicular line where is the mitral (or bicuspid) valve heard apex S1 louder at base S2 louder at after S2 lub dub-ta when is S3 heard before S1 ta-lub dub when is S4 heard murmur blowing/swishing noise Grade 1 - hard to hear Grade 2 - faint but heard Grade 3 - easy to hear Grade 4 - loud with thrill Grade 5 - very loud Grade 6 - loudest murmur grading right and left coronary arteries originate from the aorta left coronary artery LMCA--point of origin has three branches Left anterior descending artery division of the left coronary artery; goes down wall of heart circumflex branches off LMCA and circles around lateral left wall of heart R coronary artery supplies right side of heart and travels to inferior wall posterior descending artery branches off RMCA and supplies posterior wall of heart tricuspid and mitral valves (lub) AV valves