PHGY 170 Final Exam Questions With
Correct Answers
basic |cellular |function |( |at |a |cellular |level)
- |growth
- |reproduction
- |metabolism
to |conduct |basic |cellular |functions, |cells |must:
- |bring |in |nutrients |and |expel |waste
- |create |cellular |energy
- |synthesize |new |proteins
- |respond |to |external |signals
- |move |materials |around |within |cells
CELLS |RARELY |WORK |IN |ISOLATION, |THEY |ARE |PART |OF |A |NETWORK
cells |can |specialize
- |cells |can |specialize |to |have |specific |functions |that |collectively |benefit |the |organism
4 |major |types |of |tissues
epithelial, |nervous, |muscle, |connective
,Organism |Heirarchy
Cells |- |Tissue |- |Organs |- |body |systems |- |organism
epithelial |tissue
- |form |a |barrier |protecting |the |inside |of |the |body |from |the |environment
- |anything |that |enters |the |body |has |to |cross |epithelial |tissues |- |differs |based |on |location
- |there |are |different |types |of |epithelial |cells |are |tissues
Epithelial |tissues: |the |skin
- |made |up |of |many |types |of |epithelial |tissues |for |a |common |function, |so |it |is |considered |an |
organ
epithelial |tissue: |the |glands
- |some |epithelial |cells |are |specialized |to |form |glands
- |glands |are |pocket-like |structures |in |which |epithelial |cells |release |secretions |via |ducts
exocrine |glands
- |release |their |secretions |to |outside |the |body |(like |sweat |glands)
,endocrine |glands
- |release |their |secretions |(hormones) |internally |into |the |blood |stream
- |don't |have |ducts |because |their |cells |release |their |products |directly |into |the |blood
Epithelial |tissues: |digestive |tract
- |in |the |digestive |tract, |epithelial |tissues |are |specialized |for |absorption, |secretion, |and |
protection
- |epithelial |tissues |line |the |digestive |system |(mouth |to |anus) |and |there |is |many |types |of |
epithelial |tissues
Types |of |epithelial |tissues |coming |together |in |the |stomach
Epithelial |tissue |that |produce |and |excrete |proteins
- |some |of |these |cells |are |producing |and |excreting |through |the |process |of |exocytosis |(vesicles |
transport |things |to |the |plasma |membrane |to |be |dumped |into |extracellular |space)
- |gycosylated |proteins |form |a |layer |of |mucus |to |protect |the |epithelial |cells |from |the |acidic |
stomach
epithelial |tissues |that |form |glands
- |form |glands |that |produce |and |release |proteins |and |acid |to |help |break |down |food
Epithelial |tissues |specialized |for |transportation
- |best |example |of |these |tissues |are |found |in |the |digestive |system, |where |nutrients |must |be |
transported |across |epithelial |cell |layers |to |enter |the |body, |and |in |the |kidney, |where |ions |and |
water |and |transported |across |epithelial |layers |to |remove |waste |from |the |body |and |to |regulate
|urine |volume
nervous |tissues
, - |made |up |of |nerve |cells |and |glial |cells |(that |support)
- |they |use |electrical |communication |to |carry |info |over |long |distances |in |the |body
how |nerve |cells |work
- |as |the |movement |of |ions |are |charged |they |create |an |electrical |potential |across |the |
membrane
- |this |electrical |potential |acts |as |a |signal |(much |faster |than |a |chemical |signal)
- |it |allows |for |rapid |communication |in |the |body
- |fast |responses/reflexes |(ex. |to |touching |something |hot) |is |a |protective |mechanism |and |
wouldn't |be |possible |if |the |body |only |communicated |through |chemical |signal
muscle |tissue
- |made |up |of |cells |that |specialize |in |muscle |contraction
- |muscle |cells |are |such |in |actin-myosin |networks: |actin |is |an |important |cytoskeleton |protein, |
that |with |its |associated |protein |myosin, |generate |movement |in |the |cells
- |muscle |tissues |convert |chemical |and |electrical |signals |into |mechanical |movements
skeletal |muscle
responsible |for |moving |the |skeleton
smooth |muscle
lines |most |of |the |digestive |system, |the |larger |blood |vessels, |and |anywhere |else |in |the |body |
that |needs |contractile |activity
Correct Answers
basic |cellular |function |( |at |a |cellular |level)
- |growth
- |reproduction
- |metabolism
to |conduct |basic |cellular |functions, |cells |must:
- |bring |in |nutrients |and |expel |waste
- |create |cellular |energy
- |synthesize |new |proteins
- |respond |to |external |signals
- |move |materials |around |within |cells
CELLS |RARELY |WORK |IN |ISOLATION, |THEY |ARE |PART |OF |A |NETWORK
cells |can |specialize
- |cells |can |specialize |to |have |specific |functions |that |collectively |benefit |the |organism
4 |major |types |of |tissues
epithelial, |nervous, |muscle, |connective
,Organism |Heirarchy
Cells |- |Tissue |- |Organs |- |body |systems |- |organism
epithelial |tissue
- |form |a |barrier |protecting |the |inside |of |the |body |from |the |environment
- |anything |that |enters |the |body |has |to |cross |epithelial |tissues |- |differs |based |on |location
- |there |are |different |types |of |epithelial |cells |are |tissues
Epithelial |tissues: |the |skin
- |made |up |of |many |types |of |epithelial |tissues |for |a |common |function, |so |it |is |considered |an |
organ
epithelial |tissue: |the |glands
- |some |epithelial |cells |are |specialized |to |form |glands
- |glands |are |pocket-like |structures |in |which |epithelial |cells |release |secretions |via |ducts
exocrine |glands
- |release |their |secretions |to |outside |the |body |(like |sweat |glands)
,endocrine |glands
- |release |their |secretions |(hormones) |internally |into |the |blood |stream
- |don't |have |ducts |because |their |cells |release |their |products |directly |into |the |blood
Epithelial |tissues: |digestive |tract
- |in |the |digestive |tract, |epithelial |tissues |are |specialized |for |absorption, |secretion, |and |
protection
- |epithelial |tissues |line |the |digestive |system |(mouth |to |anus) |and |there |is |many |types |of |
epithelial |tissues
Types |of |epithelial |tissues |coming |together |in |the |stomach
Epithelial |tissue |that |produce |and |excrete |proteins
- |some |of |these |cells |are |producing |and |excreting |through |the |process |of |exocytosis |(vesicles |
transport |things |to |the |plasma |membrane |to |be |dumped |into |extracellular |space)
- |gycosylated |proteins |form |a |layer |of |mucus |to |protect |the |epithelial |cells |from |the |acidic |
stomach
epithelial |tissues |that |form |glands
- |form |glands |that |produce |and |release |proteins |and |acid |to |help |break |down |food
Epithelial |tissues |specialized |for |transportation
- |best |example |of |these |tissues |are |found |in |the |digestive |system, |where |nutrients |must |be |
transported |across |epithelial |cell |layers |to |enter |the |body, |and |in |the |kidney, |where |ions |and |
water |and |transported |across |epithelial |layers |to |remove |waste |from |the |body |and |to |regulate
|urine |volume
nervous |tissues
, - |made |up |of |nerve |cells |and |glial |cells |(that |support)
- |they |use |electrical |communication |to |carry |info |over |long |distances |in |the |body
how |nerve |cells |work
- |as |the |movement |of |ions |are |charged |they |create |an |electrical |potential |across |the |
membrane
- |this |electrical |potential |acts |as |a |signal |(much |faster |than |a |chemical |signal)
- |it |allows |for |rapid |communication |in |the |body
- |fast |responses/reflexes |(ex. |to |touching |something |hot) |is |a |protective |mechanism |and |
wouldn't |be |possible |if |the |body |only |communicated |through |chemical |signal
muscle |tissue
- |made |up |of |cells |that |specialize |in |muscle |contraction
- |muscle |cells |are |such |in |actin-myosin |networks: |actin |is |an |important |cytoskeleton |protein, |
that |with |its |associated |protein |myosin, |generate |movement |in |the |cells
- |muscle |tissues |convert |chemical |and |electrical |signals |into |mechanical |movements
skeletal |muscle
responsible |for |moving |the |skeleton
smooth |muscle
lines |most |of |the |digestive |system, |the |larger |blood |vessels, |and |anywhere |else |in |the |body |
that |needs |contractile |activity
