PHGY 170 Exam Questions With Correct
Answers
Cellular |metabolism |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-summation |of |all |of |the |different |reactions |that |
take |place |in |cell
Catabolism |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Breakdown |of |cellular |macromolecules |and |releases |the |
energy |stored |within |them. |Released |energy |is |transferred |to |other |molecules |and |is |stored |as
|ATP
Anabolism |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Production |of |cellular |macromolecules. |Consume |ATP |and |
build |macromolecules |that |the |cell |needs
Energy |molecules |(ATP, |GTP, |NAD+. |FAD) |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-o |ATP= |adenosine |
triphosphate
§ |Composed |of |adenosine |molecule, |ribose |sugar, |and |chain |of |3 |phosphates
§ |Phosphates |are |important-store |a |lot |of |energy |b/w |the |2nd |and |3rd |phosphates
o |GTP= |guanosine |triphosphate, |identical |to |ATP, |except |adenosine |is |replaced |with |guanosine.
|GTP |is |another |primary |cellular |energy |source |and |can |considered |to |be |the |same |as |ATP
o |NAD+ |(nicotinamide |adenine |dinucleotide): |NAD+ |is |changed |to |its |high |energy |form |by |
addition |of |an |H+ |ions |and |2 |electrons, |producing |NADH
o |FAD |(flavin |adenine, |dinucleotide): |FADH |is |changed |to |its |higher |energy |from |by |the |
addition |of |two |H+ |ions |and |two |electrons, |production |FADH2
Function |of |the |mitochondria |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Organelles |that |take |large |
macromolecules |and |break |them |down |to |produce |the |energy |in |the |form |of |ATP, |that |cells |
need
,Structure |of |the |mitochondria |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-§ |Double |layered |membrane
§ |Inner |membrane= |folded |on |itself |to |form |structures |called |cristae
§ |Inside |of |the |mitochondria= |matrix; |where |the |macromolecules |are |converted |into |small, |
high-energy |compounds |such |as |NADH
Cellular |respiration |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-o |Cellular |respiration: |ATP |production |and |
comprises |the |catabolic |reactions |and |processes |that |convert |organic |macromolecules |into |
ATP. |2 |stages
o |Stage |1: |stripping |of |high-energy |electrons |off |of |these |macromolecules |and |storing |them |in |
high |energy |electron |carriers
o |Stage |2: |Combining |of |these |electrons |with |protons |and |molecular |oxygen |to |water. |In |these
|processes, |energy |is |stored |as |a |proton |gradient |across |the |mitochondrial |inner |membrane |
and |this |gradient |is |then |used |to |generate |ATP
Sources |of |glucose |for |cellular |metabolism |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-§ |Monosaccharides: |
Glucose: |most |commonly |consumed |in |the |form |of |glucose
§ |Disaccharides: |Lactose: |consist |of |two |monosaccharides |bonded |by |an |alpha |or |beta-1,4 |
glycosidic |linkage
§ |Polysaccharides: |glycogen: |longer |chains |of |monosaccharides. |Act |as |energy |storage |
molecules |that |must |be |broken |down |before |being |used |to |produce |cell |energy.
How |does |glucose |get |into |cells? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-§ |Glucose |first |enters |the |blood |
from |ingested |foods, |de |novo |synthesis |(formation |of |complex |molecules |in |the |body |from |
simpler |molecules) |or |from |the |breakdown |of |glycogen |stores.
§ |Once |in |the |blood, |glucose |circulates |and |is |available |for |cells |to |use
§ |Most |common |way |to |get |glucose |into |cells |is |by |glucose |transporters |(GLUT) |found |in |most |
mammalian |cells
,Why |are |there |10 |steps |of |glycolysis |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-· |Catabolic |reactions |are |
exothermic, |meaning |they |give |off |heat. |Glucose |has |a |lot |of |energy |stored |within |it |and |if |all |
the |energy |was |stored |at |the |same |time, |it |will |likely |kill |the |cell
· |10 |step |process |allows |the |energy |stored |in |glucose |to |be |released |a |little |at |a |time |so |that |it
|can |be |efficiently |transferred |to |other |molecules |with |only |a |small |amount |lost |as |heat
What |are |the |stages |of |glycolysis |(3) |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-§ |Stage |1: |one |glucose |molecule |
is |converted |into |2 |glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate |molecules |(G3P) |molecules. |Uses |2 |ATP
§ |Stage |2: |Each |G3P |is |converted |to |a |molecule |called |3-phosphoglycerate. |Each |G3P |produces
|one |ATP |and |one |NADH |Net |ATP |is |0 |and |net |NADH |is |2
§ |Stage |3: |3-phosphoglycerate |is |converted |to |pyruvate. |Each |3-phosphoglycerate |at |this |stage
|produces |one |pyruvate |and |one |ATP. |Therefore |one |glucose |has |been |converted |2 |pyruvate |
and |produced |2 |ATP |and |2 |NADH
What |are |the |anaerobic |metabolism |pathways? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-§ |In |plant |cells |and |
yeast: |pyruvate |undergoes |fermentation |and |is |converted |into |ethanol |in |a |process |oxidizing |
the |high |energy |molecule |NADH |into |NAD+
§ |In |most |animal |cells |and |bacteria, |pyruvate |is |reduced |so |that |NADH |can |be |oxidized |to |
NAD+ |and |lactate |(lactic |acid) |is |formed.
§ |In |either |case, |the |NADH |produced |during |glycolysis |is |consumed |resulting |in |a |net |yield |of |2
|ATP |per |glucose |molecule
What |are |the |stages |of |aerobic |respiration? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--Glycolysis
-Conversion |of |pyruvate |to |acetyl-CoA
-Krebs |Cycle
-ETC
-Formation |of |ATP |by |ATPsynthase
Conversion |of |pyruvate |into |acetyl |CoA |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-· |Pyruvate |in |the |cytosol |of |
the |cell |is |transported |to |the |mitochondria, |the |site |of |ATP |production
, · |A |carrier |molecule |on |the |inner |mitochondrial |membrane |brings |pyruvate |into |the |matrix
· |Pyruvate |is |decarboxylated |(removal |of |a |carbon) |by |the |pyruvate |dehydrogenase |complex.
· |Complex |takes |pyruvate, |NAD+ |and |CoA |and |converts |it |to |acetyl-coA, |NADH |and |CO2.
· |Acetyl-CoA |can |then |enter |the |Krebs |Cycle
· |Glucose |yielded |2 |pyruvate |so |net |energy |production |at |this |stage |is |2 |NADH
Krebs |cycle |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-§ |Acetyl |CoA |combines |with |oxaloacetate |(OAA) |to |form |
citrate |(a |6C |molecule). |CoA |is |released |and |can |be |recycled |to |produce |more |acetyl-CoA
§ |Citrate |is |broken |down |by |several |chemical |reactions |to |remove |two |of |the |carbons |and |
create |succinate. |Removal |of |carbons |transfers |energy |to |two |NAD+ |to |form |two |NADH |
releases |the |carbon |in |the |form |of |two |CO2. |A |GTP |is |also |produced
§ |Succinate |is |converted |back |to |AA, |this |process |releases |high |energy |molecules |NADH |and |
FADH2
§ |Total |energy |produced |for |each |acetyl |CoA |is |3 |NADH, |one |FADH2 |and |one |GTP
§ |One |glucose |molecule |produces |the |following |high |energy |molecules, |2 |ATP, |10NADH, |
2FADH |and |2 |GTP
4 |complexes |of |the |ETC |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-§ |4 |complexes |in |which |electrons |removed |
from |NADH |and |FADH2 |pass |through |the |complexes |and |these |e- |are |ultimately |transferred |to
|molecular |oxygen |to |form |water
§ |Complex |1: |NADH-coenzyme |Q |oxidoreductase |uses |electrons |from |NADH |to |pump |protons |
from |the |matrix |to |the |intermembrane |space
§ |Complex |2: |Succinate-coenzyme |Q |oxidoreductase |passes |electrons |from |FADH2 |to |the |ETC |
releasing |protons |into |the |matrix
§ |Complex |3: |Coenzyme |Q |cytochrome |c |oxidoreductase |uses |electrons |both |NADH |and |
FADH2 |to |pump |protons |from |the |matrix |to |the |intermembrane |space
§ |Complex |4: |cytochrome |c |oxidase |uses |electrons |from |complex |3 |to |pump |protons |from |the |
matrix |to |the |intermembrane |space.
Answers
Cellular |metabolism |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-summation |of |all |of |the |different |reactions |that |
take |place |in |cell
Catabolism |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Breakdown |of |cellular |macromolecules |and |releases |the |
energy |stored |within |them. |Released |energy |is |transferred |to |other |molecules |and |is |stored |as
|ATP
Anabolism |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Production |of |cellular |macromolecules. |Consume |ATP |and |
build |macromolecules |that |the |cell |needs
Energy |molecules |(ATP, |GTP, |NAD+. |FAD) |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-o |ATP= |adenosine |
triphosphate
§ |Composed |of |adenosine |molecule, |ribose |sugar, |and |chain |of |3 |phosphates
§ |Phosphates |are |important-store |a |lot |of |energy |b/w |the |2nd |and |3rd |phosphates
o |GTP= |guanosine |triphosphate, |identical |to |ATP, |except |adenosine |is |replaced |with |guanosine.
|GTP |is |another |primary |cellular |energy |source |and |can |considered |to |be |the |same |as |ATP
o |NAD+ |(nicotinamide |adenine |dinucleotide): |NAD+ |is |changed |to |its |high |energy |form |by |
addition |of |an |H+ |ions |and |2 |electrons, |producing |NADH
o |FAD |(flavin |adenine, |dinucleotide): |FADH |is |changed |to |its |higher |energy |from |by |the |
addition |of |two |H+ |ions |and |two |electrons, |production |FADH2
Function |of |the |mitochondria |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Organelles |that |take |large |
macromolecules |and |break |them |down |to |produce |the |energy |in |the |form |of |ATP, |that |cells |
need
,Structure |of |the |mitochondria |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-§ |Double |layered |membrane
§ |Inner |membrane= |folded |on |itself |to |form |structures |called |cristae
§ |Inside |of |the |mitochondria= |matrix; |where |the |macromolecules |are |converted |into |small, |
high-energy |compounds |such |as |NADH
Cellular |respiration |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-o |Cellular |respiration: |ATP |production |and |
comprises |the |catabolic |reactions |and |processes |that |convert |organic |macromolecules |into |
ATP. |2 |stages
o |Stage |1: |stripping |of |high-energy |electrons |off |of |these |macromolecules |and |storing |them |in |
high |energy |electron |carriers
o |Stage |2: |Combining |of |these |electrons |with |protons |and |molecular |oxygen |to |water. |In |these
|processes, |energy |is |stored |as |a |proton |gradient |across |the |mitochondrial |inner |membrane |
and |this |gradient |is |then |used |to |generate |ATP
Sources |of |glucose |for |cellular |metabolism |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-§ |Monosaccharides: |
Glucose: |most |commonly |consumed |in |the |form |of |glucose
§ |Disaccharides: |Lactose: |consist |of |two |monosaccharides |bonded |by |an |alpha |or |beta-1,4 |
glycosidic |linkage
§ |Polysaccharides: |glycogen: |longer |chains |of |monosaccharides. |Act |as |energy |storage |
molecules |that |must |be |broken |down |before |being |used |to |produce |cell |energy.
How |does |glucose |get |into |cells? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-§ |Glucose |first |enters |the |blood |
from |ingested |foods, |de |novo |synthesis |(formation |of |complex |molecules |in |the |body |from |
simpler |molecules) |or |from |the |breakdown |of |glycogen |stores.
§ |Once |in |the |blood, |glucose |circulates |and |is |available |for |cells |to |use
§ |Most |common |way |to |get |glucose |into |cells |is |by |glucose |transporters |(GLUT) |found |in |most |
mammalian |cells
,Why |are |there |10 |steps |of |glycolysis |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-· |Catabolic |reactions |are |
exothermic, |meaning |they |give |off |heat. |Glucose |has |a |lot |of |energy |stored |within |it |and |if |all |
the |energy |was |stored |at |the |same |time, |it |will |likely |kill |the |cell
· |10 |step |process |allows |the |energy |stored |in |glucose |to |be |released |a |little |at |a |time |so |that |it
|can |be |efficiently |transferred |to |other |molecules |with |only |a |small |amount |lost |as |heat
What |are |the |stages |of |glycolysis |(3) |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-§ |Stage |1: |one |glucose |molecule |
is |converted |into |2 |glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate |molecules |(G3P) |molecules. |Uses |2 |ATP
§ |Stage |2: |Each |G3P |is |converted |to |a |molecule |called |3-phosphoglycerate. |Each |G3P |produces
|one |ATP |and |one |NADH |Net |ATP |is |0 |and |net |NADH |is |2
§ |Stage |3: |3-phosphoglycerate |is |converted |to |pyruvate. |Each |3-phosphoglycerate |at |this |stage
|produces |one |pyruvate |and |one |ATP. |Therefore |one |glucose |has |been |converted |2 |pyruvate |
and |produced |2 |ATP |and |2 |NADH
What |are |the |anaerobic |metabolism |pathways? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-§ |In |plant |cells |and |
yeast: |pyruvate |undergoes |fermentation |and |is |converted |into |ethanol |in |a |process |oxidizing |
the |high |energy |molecule |NADH |into |NAD+
§ |In |most |animal |cells |and |bacteria, |pyruvate |is |reduced |so |that |NADH |can |be |oxidized |to |
NAD+ |and |lactate |(lactic |acid) |is |formed.
§ |In |either |case, |the |NADH |produced |during |glycolysis |is |consumed |resulting |in |a |net |yield |of |2
|ATP |per |glucose |molecule
What |are |the |stages |of |aerobic |respiration? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--Glycolysis
-Conversion |of |pyruvate |to |acetyl-CoA
-Krebs |Cycle
-ETC
-Formation |of |ATP |by |ATPsynthase
Conversion |of |pyruvate |into |acetyl |CoA |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-· |Pyruvate |in |the |cytosol |of |
the |cell |is |transported |to |the |mitochondria, |the |site |of |ATP |production
, · |A |carrier |molecule |on |the |inner |mitochondrial |membrane |brings |pyruvate |into |the |matrix
· |Pyruvate |is |decarboxylated |(removal |of |a |carbon) |by |the |pyruvate |dehydrogenase |complex.
· |Complex |takes |pyruvate, |NAD+ |and |CoA |and |converts |it |to |acetyl-coA, |NADH |and |CO2.
· |Acetyl-CoA |can |then |enter |the |Krebs |Cycle
· |Glucose |yielded |2 |pyruvate |so |net |energy |production |at |this |stage |is |2 |NADH
Krebs |cycle |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-§ |Acetyl |CoA |combines |with |oxaloacetate |(OAA) |to |form |
citrate |(a |6C |molecule). |CoA |is |released |and |can |be |recycled |to |produce |more |acetyl-CoA
§ |Citrate |is |broken |down |by |several |chemical |reactions |to |remove |two |of |the |carbons |and |
create |succinate. |Removal |of |carbons |transfers |energy |to |two |NAD+ |to |form |two |NADH |
releases |the |carbon |in |the |form |of |two |CO2. |A |GTP |is |also |produced
§ |Succinate |is |converted |back |to |AA, |this |process |releases |high |energy |molecules |NADH |and |
FADH2
§ |Total |energy |produced |for |each |acetyl |CoA |is |3 |NADH, |one |FADH2 |and |one |GTP
§ |One |glucose |molecule |produces |the |following |high |energy |molecules, |2 |ATP, |10NADH, |
2FADH |and |2 |GTP
4 |complexes |of |the |ETC |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-§ |4 |complexes |in |which |electrons |removed |
from |NADH |and |FADH2 |pass |through |the |complexes |and |these |e- |are |ultimately |transferred |to
|molecular |oxygen |to |form |water
§ |Complex |1: |NADH-coenzyme |Q |oxidoreductase |uses |electrons |from |NADH |to |pump |protons |
from |the |matrix |to |the |intermembrane |space
§ |Complex |2: |Succinate-coenzyme |Q |oxidoreductase |passes |electrons |from |FADH2 |to |the |ETC |
releasing |protons |into |the |matrix
§ |Complex |3: |Coenzyme |Q |cytochrome |c |oxidoreductase |uses |electrons |both |NADH |and |
FADH2 |to |pump |protons |from |the |matrix |to |the |intermembrane |space
§ |Complex |4: |cytochrome |c |oxidase |uses |electrons |from |complex |3 |to |pump |protons |from |the |
matrix |to |the |intermembrane |space.
