GMS 5057 - MEDICAL CELL BIOLOGY - TEST 1 | 309 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | 2026
UPDATE | WITH COMPLETE SOLUTION
Definition of templated polymerization - (ANSWER)DNA is split apart and each strand is used as a
template when being replicated or during transcription.
What are regulatory DNA - (ANSWER)They are genes that control when, where, and how much genes
are expressed
Multicellular eukaryotic organisms that sexually reproduce arise from - (ANSWER)single cell (zygote)
Cell function - (ANSWER)interpret hereditary DNA and express information to coordinate synthesis of
molecules that assemble into complex structures that form more cells.
Monomers of DNA and RNA - (ANSWER)Nucleotide
components of a nucleotide - (ANSWER)sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base
The backbone of a nucleotide has what types of chemical bonds - (ANSWER)covalent
The nucleotide bases interact with eachother via what types of bonds - (ANSWER)Hydrogen
Central Dogma of Molecular Biology - (ANSWER)- DNA -> RNA -> Protein
- Genes in DNA and hereditary information is expressed.
What are enzymes - (ANSWER)proteins with catalytic sites that catalyze specific chemical reactions
Enzyme that catalyzes hydrolysis of polysaccharides in bacterial cell walls - (ANSWER)Lysozyme
Main currency for energy in cells - (ANSWER)ATP
,GMS 5057 - MEDICAL CELL BIOLOGY - TEST 1 | 309 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | 2026
UPDATE | WITH COMPLETE SOLUTION
What structural part of the phospholipid bilayer prevents the passive diffusion of hydrophilic substances
- (ANSWER)hydrophobic core
Amphipathic - (ANSWER)having both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region
Liposome - (ANSWER)Phospholipid bilayer that forms an aqueous compartment as a result of
phospholipids being submerged into water.
What are the two groups of prokaryotes - (ANSWER)Bacteria and Archaea
What are the three branches of the tree of life - (ANSWER)Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
Sequence conservation in rRNA genes among various species including human suggest what? -
(ANSWER)life originated from an ancestral cell.
What are three ways that new genes can arise - (ANSWER)Intragenic mutation
Gene duplication
DNA segment shuffling
Examples of mutations - (ANSWER)nucleotide changes, deletions, and insertions
Horizontal gene transfer - (ANSWER)- transfer of DNA between different organisms (particularly in
bacterial species and rarely in eukaryotic species).
Vertical gene transfer - (ANSWER)parent to progeny
Gene family - (ANSWER)Genes that share related sequences and functions
Largest family of genes - (ANSWER)ABC transporters
, GMS 5057 - MEDICAL CELL BIOLOGY - TEST 1 | 309 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | 2026
UPDATE | WITH COMPLETE SOLUTION
ABC transporters - (ANSWER)- ATP-binding cassette transporters
- Transporters that use ATP as energy to perform various functions.
homologous genes - (ANSWER)two or more genes derived from the same ancestral gene
Orthologs - (ANSWER)Homologous genes with a common ancestor in different species due to a
speciation event.
Paralogs - (ANSWER)Homologous genes with a common ancestor in the same species, usually due to
gene duplication and divergence.
Viruses that infect bacterial cells - (ANSWER)bacteriophages
Mutant analysis - (ANSWER)using mutants to understand how a biological process normally works
Mitochondrion origin - (ANSWER)An ancient eukaryotic precursor cell engulfed a bacterial cell and
became a host for the bacterial cell. A symbiotic relationship was formed.
Human cells have hybrid genomes including: - (ANSWER)Nuclear and mitochondrial
c-KIT - (ANSWER)Cellular receptor tyrosine kinase. Phosphorylates tyrosines on certain cytosolic
proteins. Regulates function and migration of melanocytes in skin.
Piebaldism - (ANSWER)Absence of melanocytes in areas of skin that have less pigmentation.
What elements make of most mass of cells? - (ANSWER)CHON
What types of bonds have the highest strength - (ANSWER)Covalent
UPDATE | WITH COMPLETE SOLUTION
Definition of templated polymerization - (ANSWER)DNA is split apart and each strand is used as a
template when being replicated or during transcription.
What are regulatory DNA - (ANSWER)They are genes that control when, where, and how much genes
are expressed
Multicellular eukaryotic organisms that sexually reproduce arise from - (ANSWER)single cell (zygote)
Cell function - (ANSWER)interpret hereditary DNA and express information to coordinate synthesis of
molecules that assemble into complex structures that form more cells.
Monomers of DNA and RNA - (ANSWER)Nucleotide
components of a nucleotide - (ANSWER)sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base
The backbone of a nucleotide has what types of chemical bonds - (ANSWER)covalent
The nucleotide bases interact with eachother via what types of bonds - (ANSWER)Hydrogen
Central Dogma of Molecular Biology - (ANSWER)- DNA -> RNA -> Protein
- Genes in DNA and hereditary information is expressed.
What are enzymes - (ANSWER)proteins with catalytic sites that catalyze specific chemical reactions
Enzyme that catalyzes hydrolysis of polysaccharides in bacterial cell walls - (ANSWER)Lysozyme
Main currency for energy in cells - (ANSWER)ATP
,GMS 5057 - MEDICAL CELL BIOLOGY - TEST 1 | 309 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | 2026
UPDATE | WITH COMPLETE SOLUTION
What structural part of the phospholipid bilayer prevents the passive diffusion of hydrophilic substances
- (ANSWER)hydrophobic core
Amphipathic - (ANSWER)having both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region
Liposome - (ANSWER)Phospholipid bilayer that forms an aqueous compartment as a result of
phospholipids being submerged into water.
What are the two groups of prokaryotes - (ANSWER)Bacteria and Archaea
What are the three branches of the tree of life - (ANSWER)Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
Sequence conservation in rRNA genes among various species including human suggest what? -
(ANSWER)life originated from an ancestral cell.
What are three ways that new genes can arise - (ANSWER)Intragenic mutation
Gene duplication
DNA segment shuffling
Examples of mutations - (ANSWER)nucleotide changes, deletions, and insertions
Horizontal gene transfer - (ANSWER)- transfer of DNA between different organisms (particularly in
bacterial species and rarely in eukaryotic species).
Vertical gene transfer - (ANSWER)parent to progeny
Gene family - (ANSWER)Genes that share related sequences and functions
Largest family of genes - (ANSWER)ABC transporters
, GMS 5057 - MEDICAL CELL BIOLOGY - TEST 1 | 309 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | 2026
UPDATE | WITH COMPLETE SOLUTION
ABC transporters - (ANSWER)- ATP-binding cassette transporters
- Transporters that use ATP as energy to perform various functions.
homologous genes - (ANSWER)two or more genes derived from the same ancestral gene
Orthologs - (ANSWER)Homologous genes with a common ancestor in different species due to a
speciation event.
Paralogs - (ANSWER)Homologous genes with a common ancestor in the same species, usually due to
gene duplication and divergence.
Viruses that infect bacterial cells - (ANSWER)bacteriophages
Mutant analysis - (ANSWER)using mutants to understand how a biological process normally works
Mitochondrion origin - (ANSWER)An ancient eukaryotic precursor cell engulfed a bacterial cell and
became a host for the bacterial cell. A symbiotic relationship was formed.
Human cells have hybrid genomes including: - (ANSWER)Nuclear and mitochondrial
c-KIT - (ANSWER)Cellular receptor tyrosine kinase. Phosphorylates tyrosines on certain cytosolic
proteins. Regulates function and migration of melanocytes in skin.
Piebaldism - (ANSWER)Absence of melanocytes in areas of skin that have less pigmentation.
What elements make of most mass of cells? - (ANSWER)CHON
What types of bonds have the highest strength - (ANSWER)Covalent
