BIO 208 Exam 2 Questions With Complete Solutions
_______________ emigrate to the site of injury and infection.
Correct Answers Leukocytes
__________________ are protein molecules that are produced
by a wide variety of living pathogenic bacteria. Although some
gram-negative pathogens produce ________________, the
majority are produced by gram-positive pathogens. Correct
Answers exotoxins (x2).
1. Body increases rate of metabolism, and shivering occurs,
which ______________ temperature
2. Vasodilation and sweating: body temperature
_______________. Correct Answers raises; falls
1. DNA does all but which of the following?
serves as the genetic material passed from parent to offspring
remains constant despite changes in environmental conditions
provides the instructions for the synthesis of messenger RNA
is read by ribosomes during the process of translation Correct
Answers 1. D
1. How does a cell communicate that it has been infected?
2. How does this change its interaction with the natural killer
cell? Correct Answers 1. Via the activating molecule. Infected
cells do not present the MHC 1 moleucle.
2. NK cell binds to activating molecule instead of MHC 1.
,1. incubation period Correct Answers time from initial contact
with the infectious agent to the appearance of first symptoms;
agent is multiplying but damage is insufficient to cause
symptoms; several hours to several years
1. viral attachment and penetration- Correct Answers Phage
infects the cell.
1. Which immune cells respond first to injury/presence of
pathogens in the host?
2. What is the signal for this cell to respond?
3. How does this cell recruit other immune cells to the area?
4. Which cells respond second?
5. How does this cell find the injury site and what are the
barriers to getting there? Correct Answers 1. Resident
macrophage
2. Complement proteins and cytokines.
3. Resident macrophage releases more cytokines, resulting in
chemotaxis of other immune cells.
4. circulating immune cells, circulating leukocytes.
5. They squeeze between cells of capillary wall to follow the
chemical signals (chemotaxis); pass through vessel wall; find the
injury.
1. Which is the most common type of biological vector of
human disease?
viruses
bacteria
mammals
arthropods Correct Answers 1. D
,1. Which of the following best describes the innate nonspecific
immune system?
A. a targeted and highly specific response to a single pathogen
or molecule
B. a generalized and nonspecific set of defenses against a class
or group of pathogens
C. a set of barrier mechanisms that adapts to specific pathogens
after repeated exposure
D. the production of antibody molecules against pathogens
Correct Answers 1. B
1. Which of the following would be a sign of an infection?
A. muscle aches
B. headache
C. fever
D. nausea Correct Answers 1. C
10. You have recently identified a new toxin. It is produced by a
gram-negative bacterium. It is composed mostly of protein, has
high toxicity, and is not heat stable. You also discover that it
targets liver cells. Based on these characteristics, how would
you classify this toxin?
A. superantigen
B. endotoxin
C. exotoxin
D. leukocidin Correct Answers 10. C
11. Which of the following applies to hyaluronidase?
A. It acts as a spreading factor.
B. It promotes blood clotting.
, C. It is an example of an adhesin.
D. It is produced by immune cells to target pathogens. Correct
Answers 11. A
12. PAMPs would be found on the surface of which of the
following?
A. pathogen
B. phagocyte
C. skin cell
D. blood vessel wall Correct Answers 12. A
12. Phospholipases are enzymes that do which of the following?
A. degrade antibodies
B. promote pathogen spread through connective tissue.
C. degrade nucleic acid to promote spread of pathogen
D. degrade cell membranes to allow pathogens to escape
phagosomes Correct Answers 12. D
13. ________ on phagocytes bind to PAMPs on bacteria, which
triggers the uptake and destruction of the bacterial pathogens?
A. PRRs
B. AMPs
C. PAMPs
D. PMNs Correct Answers 13. A
14. Which of the following best characterizes the mode of
pathogen recognition for opsonin-dependent phagocytosis?
_______________ emigrate to the site of injury and infection.
Correct Answers Leukocytes
__________________ are protein molecules that are produced
by a wide variety of living pathogenic bacteria. Although some
gram-negative pathogens produce ________________, the
majority are produced by gram-positive pathogens. Correct
Answers exotoxins (x2).
1. Body increases rate of metabolism, and shivering occurs,
which ______________ temperature
2. Vasodilation and sweating: body temperature
_______________. Correct Answers raises; falls
1. DNA does all but which of the following?
serves as the genetic material passed from parent to offspring
remains constant despite changes in environmental conditions
provides the instructions for the synthesis of messenger RNA
is read by ribosomes during the process of translation Correct
Answers 1. D
1. How does a cell communicate that it has been infected?
2. How does this change its interaction with the natural killer
cell? Correct Answers 1. Via the activating molecule. Infected
cells do not present the MHC 1 moleucle.
2. NK cell binds to activating molecule instead of MHC 1.
,1. incubation period Correct Answers time from initial contact
with the infectious agent to the appearance of first symptoms;
agent is multiplying but damage is insufficient to cause
symptoms; several hours to several years
1. viral attachment and penetration- Correct Answers Phage
infects the cell.
1. Which immune cells respond first to injury/presence of
pathogens in the host?
2. What is the signal for this cell to respond?
3. How does this cell recruit other immune cells to the area?
4. Which cells respond second?
5. How does this cell find the injury site and what are the
barriers to getting there? Correct Answers 1. Resident
macrophage
2. Complement proteins and cytokines.
3. Resident macrophage releases more cytokines, resulting in
chemotaxis of other immune cells.
4. circulating immune cells, circulating leukocytes.
5. They squeeze between cells of capillary wall to follow the
chemical signals (chemotaxis); pass through vessel wall; find the
injury.
1. Which is the most common type of biological vector of
human disease?
viruses
bacteria
mammals
arthropods Correct Answers 1. D
,1. Which of the following best describes the innate nonspecific
immune system?
A. a targeted and highly specific response to a single pathogen
or molecule
B. a generalized and nonspecific set of defenses against a class
or group of pathogens
C. a set of barrier mechanisms that adapts to specific pathogens
after repeated exposure
D. the production of antibody molecules against pathogens
Correct Answers 1. B
1. Which of the following would be a sign of an infection?
A. muscle aches
B. headache
C. fever
D. nausea Correct Answers 1. C
10. You have recently identified a new toxin. It is produced by a
gram-negative bacterium. It is composed mostly of protein, has
high toxicity, and is not heat stable. You also discover that it
targets liver cells. Based on these characteristics, how would
you classify this toxin?
A. superantigen
B. endotoxin
C. exotoxin
D. leukocidin Correct Answers 10. C
11. Which of the following applies to hyaluronidase?
A. It acts as a spreading factor.
B. It promotes blood clotting.
, C. It is an example of an adhesin.
D. It is produced by immune cells to target pathogens. Correct
Answers 11. A
12. PAMPs would be found on the surface of which of the
following?
A. pathogen
B. phagocyte
C. skin cell
D. blood vessel wall Correct Answers 12. A
12. Phospholipases are enzymes that do which of the following?
A. degrade antibodies
B. promote pathogen spread through connective tissue.
C. degrade nucleic acid to promote spread of pathogen
D. degrade cell membranes to allow pathogens to escape
phagosomes Correct Answers 12. D
13. ________ on phagocytes bind to PAMPs on bacteria, which
triggers the uptake and destruction of the bacterial pathogens?
A. PRRs
B. AMPs
C. PAMPs
D. PMNs Correct Answers 13. A
14. Which of the following best characterizes the mode of
pathogen recognition for opsonin-dependent phagocytosis?
