Patho Exam 2 Practice Questions 2026 \Exam Actual Complete
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Which of the following best describes the cellular pathophysiology of ischemic acute
tubular necrosis (ATN)?
A. Direct tubular epithelial injury leading to necrosis and obstruction
B. Antibody-mediated attack on the glomerular basement membrane
C. Deposition of immune complexes in the renal interstitium
D. Fibrosis of the renal tubules causing chronic dysfunction
A. Direct tubular epithelial injury leading to necrosis and obstruction
PROLONGED hypoperfusion to the kidney leads to necrosis of the poor lil tubular cells
How does postrenal obstruction lead to hydronephrosis and kidney injury?
A. Increased intraluminal pressure reduces glomerular filtration
B. Direct immune attack on the renal tubules
C. Increased sodium excretion leads to hypovolemia
D. Excessive activation of the RAAS system
A. Increased intraluminal pressure reduces glomerular filtration
it's blockin the urine from flowing to the bladder, so it backs on up into the kidney, which
increases the pressure up in there
,What is the primary pathophysiologic mechanism of benign prostatic hyperplasia
(BPH)?
A. Increased conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT)
B. Chronic inflammation causing fibrosis of the prostate
C. Loss of androgen receptors in prostatic tissue
D. Autoimmune destruction of prostatic epithelium
A. Increased conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT)
This DHT has a greater ~affinity~ for epithelial cells . It binds to those hoes and makes em
grow real big
In autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), how do cysts contribute to
progressive kidney failure?
A. Cyst expansion compresses renal vessels, leading to ischemia and fibrosis
B. Immune complex deposition leads to glomerular destruction
C. Direct infection of the cysts causes chronic inflammation
D. Excessive activation of the Na+/K+ pump leads to hypokalemia
A. Cyst expansion compresses renal vessels, leading to ischemia and fibrosis
those lil booger grow too big and start pressing on the vessels = LESS BLOOD TO
KIDNEY = kidney mad
,What is the primary pathophysiologic consequence of prolonged urinary tract
obstruction leading to hydronephrosis?
A. Glomerular hypertrophy due to increased filtration
B. Tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis due to increased intrarenal pressure
C. Immune-mediated destruction of renal tubules
D. Increased sodium excretion causing dehydration
B. Tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis due to increased intrarenal pressure
when the urine backs up into the kidney it INCREASES THE PRESSURE in the poor lil
kidney
this compresses the tubules and vasculature and causes ischemia, tubular atrophy and
FIBROSIS
What is the underlying pathophysiology of stress urinary incontinence?
A. Overactivity of the detrusor muscle during bladder filling
B. Weakening of the pelvic floor muscles and urethral sphincter
C. Failure of the bladder to contract effectively
D. Increased bladder compliance leading to overflow leakage
B. Weakening of the pelvic floor muscles and urethral sphincter
Stress incontinence is when you pee a lil when intraabdominal pressure is increased
which only happens when the pelvic floor muscles ain't doin what they're supposed to
, How does benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) lead to lower urinary tract symptoms
(LUTS)?
A. Increased conversion of testosterone to estradiol
B. Hyperplasia of prostate stroma and epithelial cells leading to urethral compression
C. Prostatic smooth muscle atrophy causing decreased bladder control
D. Fibrosis of the prostate causing obstruction
B. Hyperplasia of prostate stroma and epithelial cells leading to urethral compression
prostate gets all fat, presses on urethra, can't pee
What is the most concerning long-term complication of cryptorchidism?
A. Infertility due to decreased sperm production
B. Testicular torsion due to abnormal positioning
C. Increased risk of testicular cancer
D. Hormonal imbalance leading to hypogonadism
C. Increased risk of testicular cancer
makes it SUPER more likely (20x) that u gon get cancer
also reduces spermatogenesis (make less sperm)
What is the most common pathophysiologic mechanism underlying bladder cancer?
A. Chronic inflammation leading to glandular metaplasia
B. Urothelial cell dysplasia due to carcinogen exposure
C. Infiltration of squamous cells into the bladder wall
D. Immune-mediated destruction of transitional epithelium
B. Urothelial cell dysplasia due to carcinogen exposure
Exposure to industrial solvents and smoking are superrrr common causes of bladder
cancer
Questions And Correct Answers (Verified Answers) Already Graded
A+ | Guaranteed Success!! Newest Exam | Just Released!!
Which of the following best describes the cellular pathophysiology of ischemic acute
tubular necrosis (ATN)?
A. Direct tubular epithelial injury leading to necrosis and obstruction
B. Antibody-mediated attack on the glomerular basement membrane
C. Deposition of immune complexes in the renal interstitium
D. Fibrosis of the renal tubules causing chronic dysfunction
A. Direct tubular epithelial injury leading to necrosis and obstruction
PROLONGED hypoperfusion to the kidney leads to necrosis of the poor lil tubular cells
How does postrenal obstruction lead to hydronephrosis and kidney injury?
A. Increased intraluminal pressure reduces glomerular filtration
B. Direct immune attack on the renal tubules
C. Increased sodium excretion leads to hypovolemia
D. Excessive activation of the RAAS system
A. Increased intraluminal pressure reduces glomerular filtration
it's blockin the urine from flowing to the bladder, so it backs on up into the kidney, which
increases the pressure up in there
,What is the primary pathophysiologic mechanism of benign prostatic hyperplasia
(BPH)?
A. Increased conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT)
B. Chronic inflammation causing fibrosis of the prostate
C. Loss of androgen receptors in prostatic tissue
D. Autoimmune destruction of prostatic epithelium
A. Increased conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT)
This DHT has a greater ~affinity~ for epithelial cells . It binds to those hoes and makes em
grow real big
In autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), how do cysts contribute to
progressive kidney failure?
A. Cyst expansion compresses renal vessels, leading to ischemia and fibrosis
B. Immune complex deposition leads to glomerular destruction
C. Direct infection of the cysts causes chronic inflammation
D. Excessive activation of the Na+/K+ pump leads to hypokalemia
A. Cyst expansion compresses renal vessels, leading to ischemia and fibrosis
those lil booger grow too big and start pressing on the vessels = LESS BLOOD TO
KIDNEY = kidney mad
,What is the primary pathophysiologic consequence of prolonged urinary tract
obstruction leading to hydronephrosis?
A. Glomerular hypertrophy due to increased filtration
B. Tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis due to increased intrarenal pressure
C. Immune-mediated destruction of renal tubules
D. Increased sodium excretion causing dehydration
B. Tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis due to increased intrarenal pressure
when the urine backs up into the kidney it INCREASES THE PRESSURE in the poor lil
kidney
this compresses the tubules and vasculature and causes ischemia, tubular atrophy and
FIBROSIS
What is the underlying pathophysiology of stress urinary incontinence?
A. Overactivity of the detrusor muscle during bladder filling
B. Weakening of the pelvic floor muscles and urethral sphincter
C. Failure of the bladder to contract effectively
D. Increased bladder compliance leading to overflow leakage
B. Weakening of the pelvic floor muscles and urethral sphincter
Stress incontinence is when you pee a lil when intraabdominal pressure is increased
which only happens when the pelvic floor muscles ain't doin what they're supposed to
, How does benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) lead to lower urinary tract symptoms
(LUTS)?
A. Increased conversion of testosterone to estradiol
B. Hyperplasia of prostate stroma and epithelial cells leading to urethral compression
C. Prostatic smooth muscle atrophy causing decreased bladder control
D. Fibrosis of the prostate causing obstruction
B. Hyperplasia of prostate stroma and epithelial cells leading to urethral compression
prostate gets all fat, presses on urethra, can't pee
What is the most concerning long-term complication of cryptorchidism?
A. Infertility due to decreased sperm production
B. Testicular torsion due to abnormal positioning
C. Increased risk of testicular cancer
D. Hormonal imbalance leading to hypogonadism
C. Increased risk of testicular cancer
makes it SUPER more likely (20x) that u gon get cancer
also reduces spermatogenesis (make less sperm)
What is the most common pathophysiologic mechanism underlying bladder cancer?
A. Chronic inflammation leading to glandular metaplasia
B. Urothelial cell dysplasia due to carcinogen exposure
C. Infiltration of squamous cells into the bladder wall
D. Immune-mediated destruction of transitional epithelium
B. Urothelial cell dysplasia due to carcinogen exposure
Exposure to industrial solvents and smoking are superrrr common causes of bladder
cancer
