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NURS 5315 Advanced Pathophysiology
UTA Exam | Actual Questions
And Verified Answers
What can Reactive Oxygen Species cause? - correct-answer -Heart disease,
Alzheimers, Parkinsons, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), CV disease, HTN, HLD,
DM, ischemic heart disease, HF, OSA. Lipid perioxidation, damage proteins,
fragment DNA, less *protein synthesis*, chromatin destruction, damage
mitochondria
How are free radicals produced? - correct-answer -1. Normal cellular respiration
2. Absorption of extreme energy sources (radiation, UV light)
3. Metabolism of exogenous chemicals, drugs, and pesticides
4. Transition of metals
5. Nitric oxide acting like a chemical mediator and a free radical
What is the body's defense against ROS? - correct-answer -Antioxidants (Vitamin
E, Vitamin C, cysteine, glutathione, albumin, ceruloplasmin, transferrin)
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action potential - correct-answer -Process of conducting an impulse. Activates the
neuron --> the neuron depolarizes --> then repolarizes
Threshold potential - correct-answer -Point at which depolarization must reach in
order to initiate an action potential
Hypokalemia and action potentials - correct-answer -HYPERpolarized (more
negative, ex. -100). Less excitable. Decreased neuromuscular excitability:
weakness, smooth muscle atony, paresthesia, cardiac dysrhythmias
Hyperkalemia and action potentials - correct-answer -HYPOpolarized (more
positive, ex: closer to 0). More excitable. Peaked T waves.
When resting membrane potential=threshold potential, it is BAD = cardiac
standstill, paresthesia, paralysis
Hypocalcemia and action potentials - correct-answer -Increased permeability to
Na+. More excitable. Tetany, hyperreflexia, circumoral paresthesia, seizures,
dysrhythmias.
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Hypercalcemia and action potentials - correct-answer -Decreased permeability to
Na+. Less excitable. Weakness, hyporeflexia, fatigue, lethargy, confusion,
encephalopathy, depressed T waves
Atrophy - correct-answer -Occurs as a result of decrease in work load, pressure,
use, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation. Once
the cell has decreased in size, it has now compensated for decreased blood
supply, nerve supply, nutrient supply, hormonal supply, and has achieved new
homeostasis. Cells are alive but have diminished function and may lead to cellular
death.
Atrophy examples - correct-answer -Physiologic atrophy- shrinking of the thymus
gland during childhood.
Disuse atrophy- someone that ends up being paralyzed
Hypertrophy - correct-answer -Increase in SIZE of cells, which will lead to increase
in size of organ. Caused by hormonal stimulation or increased functional demand.
Hypertrophy examples - correct-answer -physiologic hypertrophy- skeletal
hypertrophy when a person does heavy work or weight lifting / when a kidney is
surgically removed, the other kidney increases in size
pathologic hypertrophy- cardiomegaly results from an increased workload in
hypertensive patients / *left ventricular hypertrophy*
NURS 5315 Advanced Pathophysiology
UTA Exam | Actual Questions
And Verified Answers
What can Reactive Oxygen Species cause? - correct-answer -Heart disease,
Alzheimers, Parkinsons, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), CV disease, HTN, HLD,
DM, ischemic heart disease, HF, OSA. Lipid perioxidation, damage proteins,
fragment DNA, less *protein synthesis*, chromatin destruction, damage
mitochondria
How are free radicals produced? - correct-answer -1. Normal cellular respiration
2. Absorption of extreme energy sources (radiation, UV light)
3. Metabolism of exogenous chemicals, drugs, and pesticides
4. Transition of metals
5. Nitric oxide acting like a chemical mediator and a free radical
What is the body's defense against ROS? - correct-answer -Antioxidants (Vitamin
E, Vitamin C, cysteine, glutathione, albumin, ceruloplasmin, transferrin)
,2|Page
action potential - correct-answer -Process of conducting an impulse. Activates the
neuron --> the neuron depolarizes --> then repolarizes
Threshold potential - correct-answer -Point at which depolarization must reach in
order to initiate an action potential
Hypokalemia and action potentials - correct-answer -HYPERpolarized (more
negative, ex. -100). Less excitable. Decreased neuromuscular excitability:
weakness, smooth muscle atony, paresthesia, cardiac dysrhythmias
Hyperkalemia and action potentials - correct-answer -HYPOpolarized (more
positive, ex: closer to 0). More excitable. Peaked T waves.
When resting membrane potential=threshold potential, it is BAD = cardiac
standstill, paresthesia, paralysis
Hypocalcemia and action potentials - correct-answer -Increased permeability to
Na+. More excitable. Tetany, hyperreflexia, circumoral paresthesia, seizures,
dysrhythmias.
, 3|Page
Hypercalcemia and action potentials - correct-answer -Decreased permeability to
Na+. Less excitable. Weakness, hyporeflexia, fatigue, lethargy, confusion,
encephalopathy, depressed T waves
Atrophy - correct-answer -Occurs as a result of decrease in work load, pressure,
use, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation. Once
the cell has decreased in size, it has now compensated for decreased blood
supply, nerve supply, nutrient supply, hormonal supply, and has achieved new
homeostasis. Cells are alive but have diminished function and may lead to cellular
death.
Atrophy examples - correct-answer -Physiologic atrophy- shrinking of the thymus
gland during childhood.
Disuse atrophy- someone that ends up being paralyzed
Hypertrophy - correct-answer -Increase in SIZE of cells, which will lead to increase
in size of organ. Caused by hormonal stimulation or increased functional demand.
Hypertrophy examples - correct-answer -physiologic hypertrophy- skeletal
hypertrophy when a person does heavy work or weight lifting / when a kidney is
surgically removed, the other kidney increases in size
pathologic hypertrophy- cardiomegaly results from an increased workload in
hypertensive patients / *left ventricular hypertrophy*
