CANC 380, MODULE 1 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
DETAILED ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY
GRADED A+||BRAND NEW
History of Cancer 20th and 21st centuries Ans✓✓✓1903 - radiation
(brachytherapy)
1928 - pap smear
1941 - hormonal therapy
1949 - chemotherapy
1990s - early immunotherapy
1997 - Rixmatub
1999 - Herceptin
2006 - HPV vaccine
2011 - modern immunotherapy
2017 - gene therapy
ongoing - modern immunotherapy + combination therapy
How does cancer impact society Ans✓✓✓effects on local and global
economy, research funding and completion, overall health and wellbeing
of the population
What factors does the cost of cancer treatment depend on?
Ans✓✓✓stage of cancer diagnosis, requirement for imaging or other
diagnostic tests, type of treatment, length of treatment, location of
treatment, universal healthcare or insurance, hidden costs (meals,
parking, child care...)
,Equation for disability adjusted life year (DALY)
Cancer and DALYs Ans✓✓✓years lived with disability (YLD) + years
of lost life (YLL)
high number of premature deaths (YLL) makes high DALY for cancer
Cancer mortality and gender Ans✓✓✓Males: lung, colorectal, prostate
cancer deaths
Females: lung, breast, colorectal deaths
What was the first vaccine used to prevent cancer? Ans✓✓✓Gardasil,
know to treat HPV
2 most important developments in cancer research from last 40 years
Ans✓✓✓Mapping of human genome
understanding simple lifestyle factors that contribute to cancer
How to evaluate validity and impact of cancer research? (questions to
ask) Ans✓✓✓1. was it conducted in animals or humans
2. were results reported as part of clinical trial? what phase?
,3. how many subjects studied
4. what is the source of information
5. does it sound too good to be true?
What did Charles Darwin do? Ans✓✓✓Introduce the theory of
evolution of natural selection
What is the theory behind natural selection?. Ans✓✓✓Individuals with a
favorable set of traits for their environment are more likely to survive
and produce viable offspring than individuals with less favorable traits
What are the three requirements for evolution by natural selection?
Ans✓✓✓1. Variation in the population (geneticaly and physically
different)
2. Variation must be heritable
3. Variation must influence survival reproductive rates (fitness) of
members of the population
why is selection at 'species' level more difficult to observe compared to
selection at cellular level or individual level? Ans✓✓✓because it takes
place over millions of years
Natural sellection at cellular level Ans✓✓✓more rapid (rapid
reproduction) than multicellular organisms
-more opportunities for selection of favorable traits
, random genetic mutations/epigenetic alterations that confer a
survival/reproductive advantage of cell and its progeny/clones
Clone Ans✓✓✓a group of cells that are derived from the same parent
cell. these cells share the same ancestry and same genetics
Sub-clone Ans✓✓✓the progeny of a mutant cell arising from a clone
natural selection at species level vs cellular Ans✓✓✓-cellular: decreased
fitness of organism as whole
-especially in cancer (mutations make tumor cells better - detrimental to
the organism)
HER2 gene amplification Ans✓✓✓an example of a trait that confers
evolutionary advantage at the cellular level is the amplification of the
HER2 gene in breast cancer
What is the HER2 gene? Ans✓✓✓a gene that encodes the receptor for
HER2 protein, a receptor that controls breast cell division
-20% of breast cancers have a mutation to amplify HER2 gene -
overexpression of its receptor and uncontrolled division
DETAILED ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY
GRADED A+||BRAND NEW
History of Cancer 20th and 21st centuries Ans✓✓✓1903 - radiation
(brachytherapy)
1928 - pap smear
1941 - hormonal therapy
1949 - chemotherapy
1990s - early immunotherapy
1997 - Rixmatub
1999 - Herceptin
2006 - HPV vaccine
2011 - modern immunotherapy
2017 - gene therapy
ongoing - modern immunotherapy + combination therapy
How does cancer impact society Ans✓✓✓effects on local and global
economy, research funding and completion, overall health and wellbeing
of the population
What factors does the cost of cancer treatment depend on?
Ans✓✓✓stage of cancer diagnosis, requirement for imaging or other
diagnostic tests, type of treatment, length of treatment, location of
treatment, universal healthcare or insurance, hidden costs (meals,
parking, child care...)
,Equation for disability adjusted life year (DALY)
Cancer and DALYs Ans✓✓✓years lived with disability (YLD) + years
of lost life (YLL)
high number of premature deaths (YLL) makes high DALY for cancer
Cancer mortality and gender Ans✓✓✓Males: lung, colorectal, prostate
cancer deaths
Females: lung, breast, colorectal deaths
What was the first vaccine used to prevent cancer? Ans✓✓✓Gardasil,
know to treat HPV
2 most important developments in cancer research from last 40 years
Ans✓✓✓Mapping of human genome
understanding simple lifestyle factors that contribute to cancer
How to evaluate validity and impact of cancer research? (questions to
ask) Ans✓✓✓1. was it conducted in animals or humans
2. were results reported as part of clinical trial? what phase?
,3. how many subjects studied
4. what is the source of information
5. does it sound too good to be true?
What did Charles Darwin do? Ans✓✓✓Introduce the theory of
evolution of natural selection
What is the theory behind natural selection?. Ans✓✓✓Individuals with a
favorable set of traits for their environment are more likely to survive
and produce viable offspring than individuals with less favorable traits
What are the three requirements for evolution by natural selection?
Ans✓✓✓1. Variation in the population (geneticaly and physically
different)
2. Variation must be heritable
3. Variation must influence survival reproductive rates (fitness) of
members of the population
why is selection at 'species' level more difficult to observe compared to
selection at cellular level or individual level? Ans✓✓✓because it takes
place over millions of years
Natural sellection at cellular level Ans✓✓✓more rapid (rapid
reproduction) than multicellular organisms
-more opportunities for selection of favorable traits
, random genetic mutations/epigenetic alterations that confer a
survival/reproductive advantage of cell and its progeny/clones
Clone Ans✓✓✓a group of cells that are derived from the same parent
cell. these cells share the same ancestry and same genetics
Sub-clone Ans✓✓✓the progeny of a mutant cell arising from a clone
natural selection at species level vs cellular Ans✓✓✓-cellular: decreased
fitness of organism as whole
-especially in cancer (mutations make tumor cells better - detrimental to
the organism)
HER2 gene amplification Ans✓✓✓an example of a trait that confers
evolutionary advantage at the cellular level is the amplification of the
HER2 gene in breast cancer
What is the HER2 gene? Ans✓✓✓a gene that encodes the receptor for
HER2 protein, a receptor that controls breast cell division
-20% of breast cancers have a mutation to amplify HER2 gene -
overexpression of its receptor and uncontrolled division
