Period 1 - ANSWER 1491-1607
>Period 1 Vocabulary Terms for class - ANSWER
>Juan de Onateterm - ANSWER Juan de Oñate, (born 1550?, New Spain—died 1630),
conquistador who established the colony of New Mexico for Spain. During his despotic gov-
ernorship, he vainly sought the mythical riches of North America and succeeded instead in
unlocking the geographical secrets of what is now the southwestern United States.
>Spanish Mission System - ANSWER The system of Spain to expand Christianity to the
Americas. As a result, Catholic missions were built on the Americas.
>Sugar - ANSWER One of the first cash crops that were in the Americas. Would be
commonly in the Caribbean and Barbados.
>Silver - ANSWER Significant resource in which motivated the Spanish to conquer the
Americas. Would be found in Bolivia, Peru, and Mexico.
1
,>Corn - ANSWER More commonly known as "maize" in the Americas, this resource
fueled certain regions of the Americas. This is seen through Central, South, and Southwest
America in the Aztecs, Incan, Mayan, and Pueblos which embodied maize cultivation into
their societies.
>Potatoes - ANSWER Was a cash crop in the Americas. Potatoes in particular had high
calories which allowed the European population to increase dramatically through the Colum-
bian exchange.
>Horses - ANSWER Animal. Introduced by the Europeans to the Americas which bene-
fited nomadic tribes such as those in the Great Basin and Great Plains. Hunters could now
use horses to better hunt animals.
>Cows - ANSWER Animal. Introduced to the Americas from Europe through the Co-
lumbian Exchange.
>Sextant - ANSWER Instrument for determining the angle between the horizon and a
celestial body such as the Sun, the Moon, or a star, used in celestial navigation to determine
latitude and longitude.
>Joint-Stock Companies - ANSWER Used to support colonization in the Americas by
the English. Process where all investors would pinch in the funding of the exploration and if
exploration was unsuccessful, all investors would endure the losses. Vice versa when suc-
cessful.
2
,>Juan de Gines de Sepulveda - ANSWER Theologist, Spaniard who supported the
Spanish Empire's right of conquest and colonization in the New World. He also argued in fa-
vor of the Christianize of Native Americans. Spanish renaissance humanist, philospher, and
theologian.
>Bartolome de Las Casas - ANSWER Bartolomé de Las Casas, (born 1474 or 1484, Se-
villa?, Spain—died July 1566, Madrid), early Spanish historian and Dominican missionary
who was the first to expose the oppression of indigenous peoples by Europeans in the Amer-
icas and to call for the abolition of slavery there.
>Encomienda System - ANSWER Labor system that was used within the Americas by
the Spanish. In this system, a Spanish encomendero was granted a number of native laborers
who would pay tributes to him in exchange for his protection.
>Maroon communities in Brazil and Caribbean - ANSWER The institution of slavery
was threatened when large groups of Africans escaped to geographically secluded regions to
form runaway slave communities, often referred to as maroon communities. In other words,
just escaped slaves who formed runaway slave communities in the Americas.
>Christianity and traditional African religions - ANSWER African slaves interacted with
the Spanish through religious fusion. They would combine Christianity with religions of West
Africans which showed how slaves at the time found ways preserve their culture despite the
tyrannical approach of the Spanish.
>Pueblo - ANSWER Located in the Southwest. Had dry weather which allowed clay
houses and houses built under mountains. Used maize cultivation in their society. Northeast-
ern Arizona and northwestern New Mexico.
3
, >Chinook - ANSWER Northwest Indians. Were famous as traders, with connections
stretching as far as the great plains. Canoe building, wood carving and basket weaving. They
ate salmon. More ocean based like tribe. Lived in plank houses.
>Iroquouis - ANSWER Consisted of 5 tribes prior to European colonization. Their soci-
ety serves as an outstanding example of political and military organization, complex lifestyle,
and an elevated role of women. They lived in longhouses. Consisted of hunters who hunted
for deer, rabbit, turkey, bear, and beaver. Lived near lake Ontario which is todays New York.
Iroquois confederacy is formed from these 5 tribes. Cultivated crops like the pueblos so they
were also farmers.
>Algonquian - ANSWER Lived in the dense forest regions of the valley of the Ottawa
River and its tributaries in present-day Quebec and Ontario, Canada. The Algonquian were
among the first North American natives to strike alliances with the French. Lived in long-
houses. They had a VARIETY of what they ate. The men hunted moose, caribou, beaver, ot-
ter, and other small animals. The women gathered nuts, greens, and berries. The women
grew corn, beans, and squash. Patriarchy is seen to some extent.
>Columbian Exchange - ANSWER The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and tech-
nologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages. Can
be used to explain the start of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade, Triangle Trade, and Spanish
conquest as Columbus was the first to discover the New World. Founded due to the support
of the Spanish Crown by Ferdinand and Isabella. Founding's of the New World were taken
back to Europe and motivated them to go on and conquest the Americas.
4
>Period 1 Vocabulary Terms for class - ANSWER
>Juan de Onateterm - ANSWER Juan de Oñate, (born 1550?, New Spain—died 1630),
conquistador who established the colony of New Mexico for Spain. During his despotic gov-
ernorship, he vainly sought the mythical riches of North America and succeeded instead in
unlocking the geographical secrets of what is now the southwestern United States.
>Spanish Mission System - ANSWER The system of Spain to expand Christianity to the
Americas. As a result, Catholic missions were built on the Americas.
>Sugar - ANSWER One of the first cash crops that were in the Americas. Would be
commonly in the Caribbean and Barbados.
>Silver - ANSWER Significant resource in which motivated the Spanish to conquer the
Americas. Would be found in Bolivia, Peru, and Mexico.
1
,>Corn - ANSWER More commonly known as "maize" in the Americas, this resource
fueled certain regions of the Americas. This is seen through Central, South, and Southwest
America in the Aztecs, Incan, Mayan, and Pueblos which embodied maize cultivation into
their societies.
>Potatoes - ANSWER Was a cash crop in the Americas. Potatoes in particular had high
calories which allowed the European population to increase dramatically through the Colum-
bian exchange.
>Horses - ANSWER Animal. Introduced by the Europeans to the Americas which bene-
fited nomadic tribes such as those in the Great Basin and Great Plains. Hunters could now
use horses to better hunt animals.
>Cows - ANSWER Animal. Introduced to the Americas from Europe through the Co-
lumbian Exchange.
>Sextant - ANSWER Instrument for determining the angle between the horizon and a
celestial body such as the Sun, the Moon, or a star, used in celestial navigation to determine
latitude and longitude.
>Joint-Stock Companies - ANSWER Used to support colonization in the Americas by
the English. Process where all investors would pinch in the funding of the exploration and if
exploration was unsuccessful, all investors would endure the losses. Vice versa when suc-
cessful.
2
,>Juan de Gines de Sepulveda - ANSWER Theologist, Spaniard who supported the
Spanish Empire's right of conquest and colonization in the New World. He also argued in fa-
vor of the Christianize of Native Americans. Spanish renaissance humanist, philospher, and
theologian.
>Bartolome de Las Casas - ANSWER Bartolomé de Las Casas, (born 1474 or 1484, Se-
villa?, Spain—died July 1566, Madrid), early Spanish historian and Dominican missionary
who was the first to expose the oppression of indigenous peoples by Europeans in the Amer-
icas and to call for the abolition of slavery there.
>Encomienda System - ANSWER Labor system that was used within the Americas by
the Spanish. In this system, a Spanish encomendero was granted a number of native laborers
who would pay tributes to him in exchange for his protection.
>Maroon communities in Brazil and Caribbean - ANSWER The institution of slavery
was threatened when large groups of Africans escaped to geographically secluded regions to
form runaway slave communities, often referred to as maroon communities. In other words,
just escaped slaves who formed runaway slave communities in the Americas.
>Christianity and traditional African religions - ANSWER African slaves interacted with
the Spanish through religious fusion. They would combine Christianity with religions of West
Africans which showed how slaves at the time found ways preserve their culture despite the
tyrannical approach of the Spanish.
>Pueblo - ANSWER Located in the Southwest. Had dry weather which allowed clay
houses and houses built under mountains. Used maize cultivation in their society. Northeast-
ern Arizona and northwestern New Mexico.
3
, >Chinook - ANSWER Northwest Indians. Were famous as traders, with connections
stretching as far as the great plains. Canoe building, wood carving and basket weaving. They
ate salmon. More ocean based like tribe. Lived in plank houses.
>Iroquouis - ANSWER Consisted of 5 tribes prior to European colonization. Their soci-
ety serves as an outstanding example of political and military organization, complex lifestyle,
and an elevated role of women. They lived in longhouses. Consisted of hunters who hunted
for deer, rabbit, turkey, bear, and beaver. Lived near lake Ontario which is todays New York.
Iroquois confederacy is formed from these 5 tribes. Cultivated crops like the pueblos so they
were also farmers.
>Algonquian - ANSWER Lived in the dense forest regions of the valley of the Ottawa
River and its tributaries in present-day Quebec and Ontario, Canada. The Algonquian were
among the first North American natives to strike alliances with the French. Lived in long-
houses. They had a VARIETY of what they ate. The men hunted moose, caribou, beaver, ot-
ter, and other small animals. The women gathered nuts, greens, and berries. The women
grew corn, beans, and squash. Patriarchy is seen to some extent.
>Columbian Exchange - ANSWER The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and tech-
nologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages. Can
be used to explain the start of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade, Triangle Trade, and Spanish
conquest as Columbus was the first to discover the New World. Founded due to the support
of the Spanish Crown by Ferdinand and Isabella. Founding's of the New World were taken
back to Europe and motivated them to go on and conquest the Americas.
4
