Great Columbian / Biological Exchange - ANSWER Exchange of plants and animals be-
tween the New World and Europe following the discovery of America in 1492.
Christopher Columbus - ANSWER Italian explorer, sailed from Spain in 1492 and
reached Americas, greatly increased European awareness of the North American Continent
Bartolomeo de las Casas - ANSWER 16th Century Spanish Historian, Dominican Friar,
"Protector of the Indians;" opposed atrocities by colonizers on Indigenous people
Spanish empire - ANSWER Empire control in Mexico, South America, and Florida, reli-
gious empire; Franciscans + mission system, defensive buffers vs. English, French, and Rus-
sians. Economic empire.
French empire - ANSWER Empire control in Canada, Ohio, and Mississippi River Valley
with Louisiana. Religious: Jesuits. Positive indigenous relations. Fur trade. Coureurs du bois.
English/British Empire - ANSWER Exhibited control in the form of dominions, colonies,
mandates, and territories. Queen Elizabeth I was a prominent ruler during the colonial pe-
riod of this empire. French Rivalry + engaged in Columbian Exchange.
Jamestown - ANSWER First permanent English settlement; located in Virginia.
Founded by London Company
Mayflower Compact - ANSWER Pilgrims/Separatists agreement: agreement to obey
laws created by the community and a profession of allegiance to the king
1
,Chesapeake colonies - ANSWER Term for the colonies of Maryland and Virginia
Virginia colony - ANSWER This colony was founded in 1607. First settlement was Jame-
stown. Charter to stock company/royal. Tobacco was vital to its survival.
1619 - ANSWER The year when the first U.S representative assembly was established -
House of Burgesses (Jamestown, Virginia)
Bacon's rebellion - ANSWER Colonial uprising that took place in 1676 in the Virginia
colony, led by Nathaniel Bacon. Virginians resented William Berkeley's friendly policy to-
wards Native Americans. This was the first rebellion in American colonies in which discon-
tented frontiersmen took part.
Maryland colony - ANSWER Founded in 1634 by Lord Baltimore, founded to be a place
for persecuted Catholics to find refuge, a safe haven, act of toleration
Toleration Act - ANSWER Guaranteed religious toleration to trinitarian Christians, but
decreed the death penalty to Jews and atheists and others who didn't believe in the divinity
of Jesus Christ,
New England colonies - ANSWER The term for the colonies of Massachusetts bay,
Rhode Island, and New Hampshire
Massachusetts Bay Colony - ANSWER Colony founded in 1630 by John Winthrop, part
of the Great Puritan Migration, founded by puritans. Had a theocratic republic. "City upon a
hill"
John Winthrop - ANSWER Puritan governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony. Speaker of
"City upon a hill"
2
,"City upon a hill" - ANSWER Said by Winthrop; refers to the idea that Puritan colonists
emigrating to the New World were part of a special pact with God to create a holy commu-
nity: a model society to the world/moral commonwealth
Anne Hutchinson - ANSWER Woman who challenged Purtian religous authorities in
Massachusetts Bay. Puritan authorities banished her because she challenged religious doc-
trine, gender roles. clerical authority, and claimed to have had revelations from God
King Philip's war - ANSWER 1675. longest and bloodiest conflict between settlers and
natives in 17th century, native Wampanoags under KIng Phillip ( Indian Chieftain) resisted
England encroachment on their land, they killed many settlers in Mass, English joined with
Mohawks to defeat them
Salem Witch Trials - ANSWER 1629 outbreak of witchcraft accusations in a Massa-
chussetts Bay puritan village marked by an atmosphere of fear, hysteria and stress. Spectral
evidence was used frequently.
Rhode Island Colony - ANSWER Self-governing colony founded by Roger Williams in
1636; granted freedom for all religions and non-believers; religious toleration; disestablish-
ment, universal suffrage for white males w/property qualifications; most democratic
Disestablishment - ANSWER Separation of church and state; no religion is officially
supported by the state/government; opposed tax-supported church
Connecticut colony - ANSWER Colony founded by Thomas Hooker in 1636; self-gov-
erning; origin of Fundamental Orders
Fundamental Orders - ANSWER The first constitution written in North America;
granted ALL adult males to vote not just church going land owners as was the policy in Mas-
sachutes
3
, New Amsterdam - ANSWER Dutch colonial settlement that served as the capital of
New Netherland. This later became "New York City"
Restoration colonies - ANSWER Colonies created as a result from the land grants in
North America given by King Charles II of England The two major restoration colonies were
Pennsylvania and Carolina.
New York colony - ANSWER Colony founded by Dutch in 1624. Very diverse and
wealthy colony. Contained the Hudson river
Pennsylvania colony - ANSWER Colony formed from the "Holy Experiment"; settled by
Quakers. Founded by William Penn, who bought land from the Native Americans. Allowed
religious freedom
William Penn - ANSWER An English Quaker, founded Pennsylvania in 1682, after re-
ceiving a charter from King Charles II the year before. He launched the colony as a "holy ex-
periment" based on religious tolerance.
Georgia colony - ANSWER Colony founded by James Oglethorpe. Its first settlers were
debtors and unfortunates( "worthy poor"). Tolerant to Christians but not Catholics. Acted as
a buffer between Spanish Florida and the Carolinas.
James Oglethorpe - ANSWER Founded Georgia; a member of parliament; philanthro-
pist; social reformer (helping those in debtors' prisons)
Mercantilism - ANSWER Economic philosophy of 17th and 18th century European na-
tions; sought to increase wealth and power through acquisition of gold and silver and estab-
lishing a favorable balance of trade. Colonies served interest of mother country through im-
portation of its raw materials -> Exportation > importation
4
tween the New World and Europe following the discovery of America in 1492.
Christopher Columbus - ANSWER Italian explorer, sailed from Spain in 1492 and
reached Americas, greatly increased European awareness of the North American Continent
Bartolomeo de las Casas - ANSWER 16th Century Spanish Historian, Dominican Friar,
"Protector of the Indians;" opposed atrocities by colonizers on Indigenous people
Spanish empire - ANSWER Empire control in Mexico, South America, and Florida, reli-
gious empire; Franciscans + mission system, defensive buffers vs. English, French, and Rus-
sians. Economic empire.
French empire - ANSWER Empire control in Canada, Ohio, and Mississippi River Valley
with Louisiana. Religious: Jesuits. Positive indigenous relations. Fur trade. Coureurs du bois.
English/British Empire - ANSWER Exhibited control in the form of dominions, colonies,
mandates, and territories. Queen Elizabeth I was a prominent ruler during the colonial pe-
riod of this empire. French Rivalry + engaged in Columbian Exchange.
Jamestown - ANSWER First permanent English settlement; located in Virginia.
Founded by London Company
Mayflower Compact - ANSWER Pilgrims/Separatists agreement: agreement to obey
laws created by the community and a profession of allegiance to the king
1
,Chesapeake colonies - ANSWER Term for the colonies of Maryland and Virginia
Virginia colony - ANSWER This colony was founded in 1607. First settlement was Jame-
stown. Charter to stock company/royal. Tobacco was vital to its survival.
1619 - ANSWER The year when the first U.S representative assembly was established -
House of Burgesses (Jamestown, Virginia)
Bacon's rebellion - ANSWER Colonial uprising that took place in 1676 in the Virginia
colony, led by Nathaniel Bacon. Virginians resented William Berkeley's friendly policy to-
wards Native Americans. This was the first rebellion in American colonies in which discon-
tented frontiersmen took part.
Maryland colony - ANSWER Founded in 1634 by Lord Baltimore, founded to be a place
for persecuted Catholics to find refuge, a safe haven, act of toleration
Toleration Act - ANSWER Guaranteed religious toleration to trinitarian Christians, but
decreed the death penalty to Jews and atheists and others who didn't believe in the divinity
of Jesus Christ,
New England colonies - ANSWER The term for the colonies of Massachusetts bay,
Rhode Island, and New Hampshire
Massachusetts Bay Colony - ANSWER Colony founded in 1630 by John Winthrop, part
of the Great Puritan Migration, founded by puritans. Had a theocratic republic. "City upon a
hill"
John Winthrop - ANSWER Puritan governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony. Speaker of
"City upon a hill"
2
,"City upon a hill" - ANSWER Said by Winthrop; refers to the idea that Puritan colonists
emigrating to the New World were part of a special pact with God to create a holy commu-
nity: a model society to the world/moral commonwealth
Anne Hutchinson - ANSWER Woman who challenged Purtian religous authorities in
Massachusetts Bay. Puritan authorities banished her because she challenged religious doc-
trine, gender roles. clerical authority, and claimed to have had revelations from God
King Philip's war - ANSWER 1675. longest and bloodiest conflict between settlers and
natives in 17th century, native Wampanoags under KIng Phillip ( Indian Chieftain) resisted
England encroachment on their land, they killed many settlers in Mass, English joined with
Mohawks to defeat them
Salem Witch Trials - ANSWER 1629 outbreak of witchcraft accusations in a Massa-
chussetts Bay puritan village marked by an atmosphere of fear, hysteria and stress. Spectral
evidence was used frequently.
Rhode Island Colony - ANSWER Self-governing colony founded by Roger Williams in
1636; granted freedom for all religions and non-believers; religious toleration; disestablish-
ment, universal suffrage for white males w/property qualifications; most democratic
Disestablishment - ANSWER Separation of church and state; no religion is officially
supported by the state/government; opposed tax-supported church
Connecticut colony - ANSWER Colony founded by Thomas Hooker in 1636; self-gov-
erning; origin of Fundamental Orders
Fundamental Orders - ANSWER The first constitution written in North America;
granted ALL adult males to vote not just church going land owners as was the policy in Mas-
sachutes
3
, New Amsterdam - ANSWER Dutch colonial settlement that served as the capital of
New Netherland. This later became "New York City"
Restoration colonies - ANSWER Colonies created as a result from the land grants in
North America given by King Charles II of England The two major restoration colonies were
Pennsylvania and Carolina.
New York colony - ANSWER Colony founded by Dutch in 1624. Very diverse and
wealthy colony. Contained the Hudson river
Pennsylvania colony - ANSWER Colony formed from the "Holy Experiment"; settled by
Quakers. Founded by William Penn, who bought land from the Native Americans. Allowed
religious freedom
William Penn - ANSWER An English Quaker, founded Pennsylvania in 1682, after re-
ceiving a charter from King Charles II the year before. He launched the colony as a "holy ex-
periment" based on religious tolerance.
Georgia colony - ANSWER Colony founded by James Oglethorpe. Its first settlers were
debtors and unfortunates( "worthy poor"). Tolerant to Christians but not Catholics. Acted as
a buffer between Spanish Florida and the Carolinas.
James Oglethorpe - ANSWER Founded Georgia; a member of parliament; philanthro-
pist; social reformer (helping those in debtors' prisons)
Mercantilism - ANSWER Economic philosophy of 17th and 18th century European na-
tions; sought to increase wealth and power through acquisition of gold and silver and estab-
lishing a favorable balance of trade. Colonies served interest of mother country through im-
portation of its raw materials -> Exportation > importation
4
