PBSI 245 EXAM 1 VERIFIED ACCURATE STUDY GUIDE
Individuals - Answers -objects described by a set of data
Variable - Answers -A factor that can change in an experiment
Data - Answers -evidence; information gathered from observations
independent variable - Answers -The experimental factor that is manipulated; the
variable whose effect is being studied.
Dependent Variable - Answers -The measurable effect, outcome, or response in which
the research is interested.
catagorical variable - Answers -places individuals into groups
quantitative variable - Answers -numerical/continuous
Observational Study - Answers -not changing, only recording to describe a phenomena
Sample Survey - Answers -data on a group from a population
Population - Answers -the whole group that you want to study and describe
Sample - Answers -a subset of the population
Census - Answers -A complete enumeration of a population.
Experiments - Answers -deliberately imposes some treatment on individuals in order to
observe their responses
What types of sample are often untrustworthy and biased? - Answers -convenience
samples and voluntary response samples
Parameter - Answers -numerical summary of a population
Statistic - Answers -a numerical measurement describing some characteristic of a
sample
Bias - Answers -prejudice in favor of or against one thing, person, or group compared
with another, usually in a way considered to be unfair, consistent
Variability - Answers -how widely dispersed the values are from each other and from
the mean
, large variability means what for repeatability - Answers -hard to reproduce
A larger random sample >>>> - Answers -reduced bias and variability leading to being
closer to the population parameter
Margin of Error - Answers -the range of percentage points in which the sample
accurately reflects the population
Does population size effect the variability of a statistic? - Answers -NO
What are sampling errors caused by? - Answers -the simple act of taking a sample
Random Sampling Errors - Answers -the deviation between the sample statistic and the
population parameter caused by chance in selecting a random sample
What does the margin of error in a confidence statement represent? - Answers -ONLY
random sampling error which can be reduced by increasing sampling size
nonsampling error - Answers -the result of poor sample design, sloppy data collection,
faulty measuring instruments, bias in questionnaires, and so on, even in a census
What is the most serious type of error? - Answers -nonsampling errors
Undercoverage - Answers -occurs when some groups in the population are left out of
the process of choosing the sample
Sampling Frame - Answers -a list of individuals from whom the sample is drawn
What are the 6 types of Nonsampling Errors? - Answers -1. Erroneous Inclusions
2. Multiple Inclusions
3. Processing Errors
4. Poorly worded survey questions
5. Response Errors
6. Nonresponse Error
Erroneous Inclusions - Answers -when the sampling frame includes units that are not in
the population of interest so that invalid units have a chance of being in the sample
Processing Errors - Answers -Errors that occur simply from the data being processed,
such as typos when data are being entered
Poorly worded survey questions - Answers -?'s slanted to favor one response over the
other
Response Errors - Answers -subject may lie or remember incorrectly, subject may not
understand question
Individuals - Answers -objects described by a set of data
Variable - Answers -A factor that can change in an experiment
Data - Answers -evidence; information gathered from observations
independent variable - Answers -The experimental factor that is manipulated; the
variable whose effect is being studied.
Dependent Variable - Answers -The measurable effect, outcome, or response in which
the research is interested.
catagorical variable - Answers -places individuals into groups
quantitative variable - Answers -numerical/continuous
Observational Study - Answers -not changing, only recording to describe a phenomena
Sample Survey - Answers -data on a group from a population
Population - Answers -the whole group that you want to study and describe
Sample - Answers -a subset of the population
Census - Answers -A complete enumeration of a population.
Experiments - Answers -deliberately imposes some treatment on individuals in order to
observe their responses
What types of sample are often untrustworthy and biased? - Answers -convenience
samples and voluntary response samples
Parameter - Answers -numerical summary of a population
Statistic - Answers -a numerical measurement describing some characteristic of a
sample
Bias - Answers -prejudice in favor of or against one thing, person, or group compared
with another, usually in a way considered to be unfair, consistent
Variability - Answers -how widely dispersed the values are from each other and from
the mean
, large variability means what for repeatability - Answers -hard to reproduce
A larger random sample >>>> - Answers -reduced bias and variability leading to being
closer to the population parameter
Margin of Error - Answers -the range of percentage points in which the sample
accurately reflects the population
Does population size effect the variability of a statistic? - Answers -NO
What are sampling errors caused by? - Answers -the simple act of taking a sample
Random Sampling Errors - Answers -the deviation between the sample statistic and the
population parameter caused by chance in selecting a random sample
What does the margin of error in a confidence statement represent? - Answers -ONLY
random sampling error which can be reduced by increasing sampling size
nonsampling error - Answers -the result of poor sample design, sloppy data collection,
faulty measuring instruments, bias in questionnaires, and so on, even in a census
What is the most serious type of error? - Answers -nonsampling errors
Undercoverage - Answers -occurs when some groups in the population are left out of
the process of choosing the sample
Sampling Frame - Answers -a list of individuals from whom the sample is drawn
What are the 6 types of Nonsampling Errors? - Answers -1. Erroneous Inclusions
2. Multiple Inclusions
3. Processing Errors
4. Poorly worded survey questions
5. Response Errors
6. Nonresponse Error
Erroneous Inclusions - Answers -when the sampling frame includes units that are not in
the population of interest so that invalid units have a chance of being in the sample
Processing Errors - Answers -Errors that occur simply from the data being processed,
such as typos when data are being entered
Poorly worded survey questions - Answers -?'s slanted to favor one response over the
other
Response Errors - Answers -subject may lie or remember incorrectly, subject may not
understand question
