ANU3086 Nutrient metabolism
IM1 introduction & energetic conversion of nutrients – P3.1, 3.2
Energetic conversion of nutrients ATP
Mass flow of nutrients
• Nutritional input
o Total daily intake
o Meal size, pattern
o Nutrient composition
• Physiological output
o Physiological status
o Health status
o environment
• Metabolism
o Δ Metabolic pathways
o Δ Energetic efficiencies
o Δ Body composition – waste products
Post absorptive nutrient metabolism (monogastric)
Urea is formed because the animal has to get rid of the ammonia from nitrogen.
,Post absorptive nutrient metabolism (polygastric (non-lactating))
Chicken has a reflux in the ceca. There they can transfer from the ceca the content back to the SI.
With fermentation, VFA are included.
Post absorptive nutrient metabolism (polygastric (early-lactating))
Fatty acids are used for milk fat
In early lactation → NEB → body fat mobilisation accurs.
,Post absorptive nutrient metabolism (post-prandial (PP) vs post absorptive (PA))
EXAM QUESTIONS due to gluconeogenesis (only possible in liver)
• Post prandial (PP): directly after the meal → white arrows
→ active absorption presence of nutrients
o Carbohydrates are actively absorbed and processed, fatty acids are being processed
etc.
• Post absorptive (PA): gut is empty, no delivery for absorption anymore
o Redirection of processes because you need types of metabolise to retain function of
organs. That is the orange arrows
o Here utilization of fat sources
Glucose is important. In the PP state, glycogen is being formed. But in the PA state, then you get
redirection, so glycogen is being utilized.
Important! There are also situations where glucose is formed in the starvation situation from glycogen
or amino acids and exported out of the cell. Thet can only happen by the liver. (or kidney tissue only in
heavy starvation)→ gluconeogenesis (glucose production)
Settings of metabolism
• Digestion to and absorption of monomers
• Intermediary metabolism
o Interconversions of absorbed monomers
o Anabolic reactions (e.g. protein metabolism)
▪ Synthesis of body specific components
o Catabolic reactions (energy/ ATP/ Heat)
▪ Release of energy from food components
o Formation of excretion products (waste)
• Timing and drive of events (PP vs. PA)
• Physiological adaptation (e.g. early vs late lactation)
, Post prandial phase
Glucose available in the intestines → to liver → absorbed as glycogen → brain activity is important.
Or it can be stored in muscles as glycogen or as fat
Post absorptive phase
Starvation state. Different because there is no delivery of nutrients from intestines. Only glycogen
stores that can be used to utilize glucose.
Fat is combination of fatty acids and glycerol. This is also a glucose source for the liver. Fatty acids
will be different.
Fatty acids can go directly to the liver or via kidneys
Main message: lot direct to glucose production so that is very essential for brain function. You want
to redirect as much as possible glucose for brain activity. And then you can e.g. use .. for muscle
activity
IM1 introduction & energetic conversion of nutrients – P3.1, 3.2
Energetic conversion of nutrients ATP
Mass flow of nutrients
• Nutritional input
o Total daily intake
o Meal size, pattern
o Nutrient composition
• Physiological output
o Physiological status
o Health status
o environment
• Metabolism
o Δ Metabolic pathways
o Δ Energetic efficiencies
o Δ Body composition – waste products
Post absorptive nutrient metabolism (monogastric)
Urea is formed because the animal has to get rid of the ammonia from nitrogen.
,Post absorptive nutrient metabolism (polygastric (non-lactating))
Chicken has a reflux in the ceca. There they can transfer from the ceca the content back to the SI.
With fermentation, VFA are included.
Post absorptive nutrient metabolism (polygastric (early-lactating))
Fatty acids are used for milk fat
In early lactation → NEB → body fat mobilisation accurs.
,Post absorptive nutrient metabolism (post-prandial (PP) vs post absorptive (PA))
EXAM QUESTIONS due to gluconeogenesis (only possible in liver)
• Post prandial (PP): directly after the meal → white arrows
→ active absorption presence of nutrients
o Carbohydrates are actively absorbed and processed, fatty acids are being processed
etc.
• Post absorptive (PA): gut is empty, no delivery for absorption anymore
o Redirection of processes because you need types of metabolise to retain function of
organs. That is the orange arrows
o Here utilization of fat sources
Glucose is important. In the PP state, glycogen is being formed. But in the PA state, then you get
redirection, so glycogen is being utilized.
Important! There are also situations where glucose is formed in the starvation situation from glycogen
or amino acids and exported out of the cell. Thet can only happen by the liver. (or kidney tissue only in
heavy starvation)→ gluconeogenesis (glucose production)
Settings of metabolism
• Digestion to and absorption of monomers
• Intermediary metabolism
o Interconversions of absorbed monomers
o Anabolic reactions (e.g. protein metabolism)
▪ Synthesis of body specific components
o Catabolic reactions (energy/ ATP/ Heat)
▪ Release of energy from food components
o Formation of excretion products (waste)
• Timing and drive of events (PP vs. PA)
• Physiological adaptation (e.g. early vs late lactation)
, Post prandial phase
Glucose available in the intestines → to liver → absorbed as glycogen → brain activity is important.
Or it can be stored in muscles as glycogen or as fat
Post absorptive phase
Starvation state. Different because there is no delivery of nutrients from intestines. Only glycogen
stores that can be used to utilize glucose.
Fat is combination of fatty acids and glycerol. This is also a glucose source for the liver. Fatty acids
will be different.
Fatty acids can go directly to the liver or via kidneys
Main message: lot direct to glucose production so that is very essential for brain function. You want
to redirect as much as possible glucose for brain activity. And then you can e.g. use .. for muscle
activity
