PATHOPHYSIOLOGY THE BIOLOGIC BASIS FOR
DISEASE COMPREHENSIVE SCRIPT 2026 FULL
QUESTIONS CORRECT ANSWERS
◉ Which of the following is true regarding apoptosis?
a. It occurrence may be physiological or pathological.
b. It does not stimulate the inflammatory process.
c. It results in phagocytosis of the apoptotic cell.
d. all of the above. Answer: D
◉ Insufficient blood flow to a part of the body is defined as:
a. hypoxia.
b. hypoxemia.
c. necrosis.
d. ischemia.. Answer: D
◉ A cellular change, which is often precancerous, is called:
a. hyperplasia.
b. metaplasia.
c. dysplasia.
d. hypertrophy.. Answer: C
,◉ Which of the following changes is indicative of irreversible cell
injury?
a. sodium influx into the cytoplasm
b. glycolysis (anaerobic metabolism)
c. detachment of ribosomes from rough endoplasmic reticulum
d. release of lysosomal enzymes. Answer: D
◉ Which of the following best describes reperfusion injury?
a. The increased blood pressure in the area of reperfusion causes
rupture of small arterioles and release of free radicals.
b. The return of blood flow to the area results in a burst of free
radical production from neutrophils that accumulated in the area.
c. Reperfusion injury results from restoration of the function of the
sodium-potassium pump.
d. Reperfusion of the area results in apoptosis of the previously
ischemic cells.. Answer: B
◉ Which of the following best describes free radicals?
a. stable molecules not normally found in the body, but introduced
exogenously during ischemia
b. unstable molecules that are normal products of oxidative
metabolism and are removed by endogenous antioxidants
,c. stable molecules that have an affinity for iron in the cytoplasm of
the cell
d. none of the above. Answer: B
◉ The usual fate of apoptotic cells is which of the following?
a. metaplastic transformation
b. calcification
c. hypertrophy
d. phagocytosis
e. neoplastic transformation. Answer: D
◉ Which of the following statements is true regarding the difference
between cell necrosis and apoptosis?
a. Apoptosis is a more rapid process.
b. Apoptosis is usually initiated by ischemia-induced cell injury.
c. Apoptosis is genetically controlled.
d. Apoptosis characteristically involves rupture of the cell
membrane.. Answer: C
◉ You are a nurse practitioner working in an outpatient clinic. Your
patient's echocardiogram shows moderate aortic stenosis
(narrowing of the aortic valve). You know that the stenotic valve
creates an increased resistance against which the left ventricle
, contracts. The cellular adaptation most likely to occur in the left
ventricle is which of the following?
a. atrophy
b. hypertrophy
c. hyperplasia
d. metaplasia. Answer: B
◉ Select the condition that is an example of physiologic hyperplasia.
a. breast enlargement during puberty
b. endometrial hyperplasia from excessive estrogen stimulation
c. prostatic hyperplasia occurring as men age
d. none of the above are physiologic. Answer: A
◉ Your patient has a long history of mitral stenosis (narrowing of
the mitral valve). As the years go by, the left atrium, which contracts
against the increased resistance of the stenotic valve, begins to fail--
and output from the left ventricle begins to decline. If the left
ventricle were to undergo adaptation, what would it most likely be?
a. atrophy.
b. hypertrophy.
c. hyperplasia.
d. metaplasia.. Answer: A
DISEASE COMPREHENSIVE SCRIPT 2026 FULL
QUESTIONS CORRECT ANSWERS
◉ Which of the following is true regarding apoptosis?
a. It occurrence may be physiological or pathological.
b. It does not stimulate the inflammatory process.
c. It results in phagocytosis of the apoptotic cell.
d. all of the above. Answer: D
◉ Insufficient blood flow to a part of the body is defined as:
a. hypoxia.
b. hypoxemia.
c. necrosis.
d. ischemia.. Answer: D
◉ A cellular change, which is often precancerous, is called:
a. hyperplasia.
b. metaplasia.
c. dysplasia.
d. hypertrophy.. Answer: C
,◉ Which of the following changes is indicative of irreversible cell
injury?
a. sodium influx into the cytoplasm
b. glycolysis (anaerobic metabolism)
c. detachment of ribosomes from rough endoplasmic reticulum
d. release of lysosomal enzymes. Answer: D
◉ Which of the following best describes reperfusion injury?
a. The increased blood pressure in the area of reperfusion causes
rupture of small arterioles and release of free radicals.
b. The return of blood flow to the area results in a burst of free
radical production from neutrophils that accumulated in the area.
c. Reperfusion injury results from restoration of the function of the
sodium-potassium pump.
d. Reperfusion of the area results in apoptosis of the previously
ischemic cells.. Answer: B
◉ Which of the following best describes free radicals?
a. stable molecules not normally found in the body, but introduced
exogenously during ischemia
b. unstable molecules that are normal products of oxidative
metabolism and are removed by endogenous antioxidants
,c. stable molecules that have an affinity for iron in the cytoplasm of
the cell
d. none of the above. Answer: B
◉ The usual fate of apoptotic cells is which of the following?
a. metaplastic transformation
b. calcification
c. hypertrophy
d. phagocytosis
e. neoplastic transformation. Answer: D
◉ Which of the following statements is true regarding the difference
between cell necrosis and apoptosis?
a. Apoptosis is a more rapid process.
b. Apoptosis is usually initiated by ischemia-induced cell injury.
c. Apoptosis is genetically controlled.
d. Apoptosis characteristically involves rupture of the cell
membrane.. Answer: C
◉ You are a nurse practitioner working in an outpatient clinic. Your
patient's echocardiogram shows moderate aortic stenosis
(narrowing of the aortic valve). You know that the stenotic valve
creates an increased resistance against which the left ventricle
, contracts. The cellular adaptation most likely to occur in the left
ventricle is which of the following?
a. atrophy
b. hypertrophy
c. hyperplasia
d. metaplasia. Answer: B
◉ Select the condition that is an example of physiologic hyperplasia.
a. breast enlargement during puberty
b. endometrial hyperplasia from excessive estrogen stimulation
c. prostatic hyperplasia occurring as men age
d. none of the above are physiologic. Answer: A
◉ Your patient has a long history of mitral stenosis (narrowing of
the mitral valve). As the years go by, the left atrium, which contracts
against the increased resistance of the stenotic valve, begins to fail--
and output from the left ventricle begins to decline. If the left
ventricle were to undergo adaptation, what would it most likely be?
a. atrophy.
b. hypertrophy.
c. hyperplasia.
d. metaplasia.. Answer: A
