NURS 640 EXAM 1 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
SaO2=-=ans-✔✔95-100%
PaO2=-=ans-✔✔80-100
PAO2=-=ans-✔✔60-100
A-a=gradient=-=ans-✔✔PAO2-PaO2
PaO2/FiO2=ratio=-=ans-✔✔>300
ABG=format=-=ans-✔✔pH/PaCO2/PaO2/HCO3/SaO2
Arterial=sampling=-=ans-✔✔pH:=7.35-7.45
PaCO2:=35-45
PaO2:=80-100
HCO3:=22-26
SaO2:=95
Venous=sampling=-=ans-✔✔pH:=7.31-7.41
PaCO2:=41-51
PaO2:=35-40
HCO3:=22-26
SaO2:=70-75
Hypoxemia=grading=scale=-=ans-✔✔None:=PaO2=>80=SpO2=>95
Mild:=PaO2=60-79=SpO2=90-94
Moderate:=PaO2=40-59=SpO2=75-89
Severe:=PaO2=<40=SpO2<75
Pulse=Oximetry=Indications=-=ans-✔✔•Written=as=SpO2=
•Non-invasive=monitoring=used=in=situations=where=when=hypoxemia=can=occur=
•Represents=the=amount=of=oxygen=bound=to=functional=hemoglobin
•Used=as=surrogate=to=estimate=PaO2=non-
invasively,=however=limitations=to=pulse=oximetry=impact=pulse=oximetry=accuracy=
•When=ischemia=/
=severe=anemia=occurs,=it=does=not=accurately=represent=oxygen=delivery=to=tissues
, Pulse=Oximetry=limitations=-=ans-✔✔•=SpO2=<=80%=
•=Movement=
•=Bright=light=interference=
•=Intravascular=interference=(ex:=dye)
•=Extravascular=interference=(ex:=polish)
•=Non-functional=hemoglobin
•=Reduced=blood=flow
Hyperoxemia=cannot=be=detected
Respiratory=acidosis=-=ans-✔✔•=CNS=depression=
•=Sedation=
•=Chest=wall=injury
•=Respiratory=obstruction
Respiratory=alkalosis=-=ans-✔✔•=Hyperventilation=
•=Anxiety=
•=Pain=
•=Fever
•=Sepsis=
•=Pregnancy=
•=Severe=anemia
Metabolic=acidosis=-=ans-✔✔•=Lactic=acidosis
•=DKA
•=Renal=failure
•=Base=deficit=
•=Severe=diarrhea
Metabolic=alkalosis=-=ans-✔✔•=Acid=deficit=
-=NG=suction
-=Prolonged=vomiting=
-=Diuretics=
•=Base=excess=
-=Massive=transfusion
-=Excess=diuretics=
-=Excess=antacids
Readmission=risk=factors=-=ans-
✔✔Increased=chronic=conditions,=facility=errors,=patient=errors,=disease=factors.
Readmission=risk=reduction=-=ans-
✔✔Screen=for=high=risk=patients,=improve=communication,=improve=patient=resources,=
improve=clinician=resources.
ANSWERS
SaO2=-=ans-✔✔95-100%
PaO2=-=ans-✔✔80-100
PAO2=-=ans-✔✔60-100
A-a=gradient=-=ans-✔✔PAO2-PaO2
PaO2/FiO2=ratio=-=ans-✔✔>300
ABG=format=-=ans-✔✔pH/PaCO2/PaO2/HCO3/SaO2
Arterial=sampling=-=ans-✔✔pH:=7.35-7.45
PaCO2:=35-45
PaO2:=80-100
HCO3:=22-26
SaO2:=95
Venous=sampling=-=ans-✔✔pH:=7.31-7.41
PaCO2:=41-51
PaO2:=35-40
HCO3:=22-26
SaO2:=70-75
Hypoxemia=grading=scale=-=ans-✔✔None:=PaO2=>80=SpO2=>95
Mild:=PaO2=60-79=SpO2=90-94
Moderate:=PaO2=40-59=SpO2=75-89
Severe:=PaO2=<40=SpO2<75
Pulse=Oximetry=Indications=-=ans-✔✔•Written=as=SpO2=
•Non-invasive=monitoring=used=in=situations=where=when=hypoxemia=can=occur=
•Represents=the=amount=of=oxygen=bound=to=functional=hemoglobin
•Used=as=surrogate=to=estimate=PaO2=non-
invasively,=however=limitations=to=pulse=oximetry=impact=pulse=oximetry=accuracy=
•When=ischemia=/
=severe=anemia=occurs,=it=does=not=accurately=represent=oxygen=delivery=to=tissues
, Pulse=Oximetry=limitations=-=ans-✔✔•=SpO2=<=80%=
•=Movement=
•=Bright=light=interference=
•=Intravascular=interference=(ex:=dye)
•=Extravascular=interference=(ex:=polish)
•=Non-functional=hemoglobin
•=Reduced=blood=flow
Hyperoxemia=cannot=be=detected
Respiratory=acidosis=-=ans-✔✔•=CNS=depression=
•=Sedation=
•=Chest=wall=injury
•=Respiratory=obstruction
Respiratory=alkalosis=-=ans-✔✔•=Hyperventilation=
•=Anxiety=
•=Pain=
•=Fever
•=Sepsis=
•=Pregnancy=
•=Severe=anemia
Metabolic=acidosis=-=ans-✔✔•=Lactic=acidosis
•=DKA
•=Renal=failure
•=Base=deficit=
•=Severe=diarrhea
Metabolic=alkalosis=-=ans-✔✔•=Acid=deficit=
-=NG=suction
-=Prolonged=vomiting=
-=Diuretics=
•=Base=excess=
-=Massive=transfusion
-=Excess=diuretics=
-=Excess=antacids
Readmission=risk=factors=-=ans-
✔✔Increased=chronic=conditions,=facility=errors,=patient=errors,=disease=factors.
Readmission=risk=reduction=-=ans-
✔✔Screen=for=high=risk=patients,=improve=communication,=improve=patient=resources,=
improve=clinician=resources.
