NURS 5315 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 1 | QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS | VERIFIED AND WELL DETAILED ANSWERS
GRADED A+ | LATEST EXAM UPDATE
Atrophy - CORRECT ANSWER - E. Cells decrease in size
P. Still functional; imbalance between protein synthesis and degradation.
Essentially there is an increase in the catabolism of intracellular organelles,
reducing structural components of cell
Physiologic: thymus gland in early childhood
Pathological: disuse (muscle atrophy d/ decrease workload, pressure, use, blood
supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation)
Hyperplasia - CORRECT ANSWER - E: cells increase in number, mitosis
(cell division) must occur, size of cell does not change
Phys: increased rate of division, increase in tissue mass after damage or partial
resection; may be compensatory, hormonal, or pathologic
Patho: abnormal proliferation of normal cells usually caused by increased
hormonal stimulation (endometrial). increase of production of local growth
factors
Ex: removal of part of the liver lead to hyperplasia of hepatocytes. uterine or
mammary gland enlargement during pregnancy
Dysplasia - CORRECT ANSWER - E. Not true adaptation; Cells abnormal
change in size, shape, organization (classified as mild, moderate, severe)
P. caused by cell injury/irritation, characterized by disordered cell growth. aka
atypical hyperplasia or pre-cancer, a disorderly proliferation
Physiologic: N/A
Pathologic: squamous dysplasia of cervix from HPV shows up on pap smear,
breast cancer development; pap smears often show dysplastic cells of the cervix
that must undergo laser/surgical tx
,Metaplasia - CORRECT ANSWER - E: reversible change, one type of cell
changes to another type for survival
P: reversible; results from exposure of the cells to chronic stressors, injury, or
irritation; Cancer can arise from this area, stimulus induces a reprogramming of
stem cells under the influence of cytokines and growth factors
Ex: Patho: Columnar cells change to squamous cells in lungs of smoker or
normal ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial linings are replaced by stratified
squamous epithelial cells.; Phys: Barrett Esophagus- normal squamous cells
change to columnar epithelial cells in response to reflux, aka intestinal
metaplasia
Hypoxia injury - CORRECT ANSWER - E. inadequate oxygenation of tissues
P. decrease in mitochondrial function, decreased production of ATP increases
anaerobic metabolism. eventual cell death.
C.M. hypoxia, cyanosis, cognitive impairment, lethargy
Free radical and ROS - CORRECT ANSWER - E. normal byproduct of ATP
production, will overwhelm the mitochondria- exhaust intracellular antioxidants
P. lipid peroxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA
C.M. development in Alzheimer's, heart disease, Parkinson's disease,
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Ethanol - CORRECT ANSWER - E. mood altering drug, long term effects on
liver and nutritional status
P. metabolized by liver, generates free radicals
C.M. CNS depression, nutrient deficiencies-Mag, Vit B6, thiamine, PO4,
inflammation and fatty infiltration of liver, hepatomegaly, leads to liver failure
irreversible
,Oncosis - CORRECT ANSWER - Na and H2O enter cell and cause swelling.
Organ increases in weight, becomes distended and pale. Associated with high
fever, hypocalcemia, certain infections
Fatty Infiltration - CORRECT ANSWER - intracellular accumulation of lipids
in the liver
liver fails to metabolize lipids. usually from ETOH or high fat diet. can lead to
cirrhosis
dystrophic calcification - CORRECT ANSWER - accumulation of Ca in dead
or dying tissues
calcium salt clump and harden- interfere with cellular structure and function
r/t pulmonary TB, atherosclerosis, injured heart valves, chronic pancreatitis
metastatic calcification - CORRECT ANSWER - accumulation of Ca in
normal tissue
result of hypercalcemia r/t hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, toxic levels
of Vit D. Can also r/t hyperphosphatemia in renal failure
urate accumulation - CORRECT ANSWER - sodium urate crystals are
deposited in tissues- group of disorders collectively called gout- acute arthritis,
chronic gouty arthritis, tophus, nephritis
Coagulative Necrosis - CORRECT ANSWER - kidneys, heart, adrenals-
secondary to hypoxia
Liquefactive Necrosis - CORRECT ANSWER - nerve cells- brain-
accumulation of pus
Caseous Necrosis - CORRECT ANSWER - lung disease- usually TB- tissue
looks like clumped cheese
, Fat Necrosis - CORRECT ANSWER - breast, pancreas, abdominal structures-
creates soaps
Gangrenous Necrosis - CORRECT ANSWER - Dry- dark shriveled skin
Wet- internal organs- can lead to death
Gas- from clostridium- antitoxins and hyperbaric therapy
Gout - CORRECT ANSWER - E. disturbances in serum urate levels.
uncommon for < 30 years old.
P. uric acid is deposited in the tissues of kidney, heart, earlobes, and joints.
C.M. inflammation, painful joints. result of diuretic use or diet high in cream
sauces, red wine, or red meat
Rhabdomyolysis - CORRECT ANSWER - E. cell hypoxia caused by severe
muscle trauma, hyperthermia, crush injuries, or severe dehydration
P. hypoxia to cell causes failure of the Na-K pump, causing accumulation of
intracellular sodium, oncosis, and eventual cell death. Cell death releases
enzymes such as CK, uric acid, LDH, AST, etc.
C.M. Causes: trauma, hyperthermia, crush injuries, severe dehydration; s/s: CK
is 5x upper normal limit, muscle pain, weakness, dark, reddish-brown urine,
hypercalcemia, renal failure
Alpha Fetoprotein Origin - CORRECT ANSWER - Liver and germ cell
tumors
Carcinoembryonic Antigen - CORRECT ANSWER - GI, pancreas, lung,
breast tumors
Prostate Specific Antigen - CORRECT ANSWER - prostate tumors
AND ANSWERS | VERIFIED AND WELL DETAILED ANSWERS
GRADED A+ | LATEST EXAM UPDATE
Atrophy - CORRECT ANSWER - E. Cells decrease in size
P. Still functional; imbalance between protein synthesis and degradation.
Essentially there is an increase in the catabolism of intracellular organelles,
reducing structural components of cell
Physiologic: thymus gland in early childhood
Pathological: disuse (muscle atrophy d/ decrease workload, pressure, use, blood
supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation)
Hyperplasia - CORRECT ANSWER - E: cells increase in number, mitosis
(cell division) must occur, size of cell does not change
Phys: increased rate of division, increase in tissue mass after damage or partial
resection; may be compensatory, hormonal, or pathologic
Patho: abnormal proliferation of normal cells usually caused by increased
hormonal stimulation (endometrial). increase of production of local growth
factors
Ex: removal of part of the liver lead to hyperplasia of hepatocytes. uterine or
mammary gland enlargement during pregnancy
Dysplasia - CORRECT ANSWER - E. Not true adaptation; Cells abnormal
change in size, shape, organization (classified as mild, moderate, severe)
P. caused by cell injury/irritation, characterized by disordered cell growth. aka
atypical hyperplasia or pre-cancer, a disorderly proliferation
Physiologic: N/A
Pathologic: squamous dysplasia of cervix from HPV shows up on pap smear,
breast cancer development; pap smears often show dysplastic cells of the cervix
that must undergo laser/surgical tx
,Metaplasia - CORRECT ANSWER - E: reversible change, one type of cell
changes to another type for survival
P: reversible; results from exposure of the cells to chronic stressors, injury, or
irritation; Cancer can arise from this area, stimulus induces a reprogramming of
stem cells under the influence of cytokines and growth factors
Ex: Patho: Columnar cells change to squamous cells in lungs of smoker or
normal ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial linings are replaced by stratified
squamous epithelial cells.; Phys: Barrett Esophagus- normal squamous cells
change to columnar epithelial cells in response to reflux, aka intestinal
metaplasia
Hypoxia injury - CORRECT ANSWER - E. inadequate oxygenation of tissues
P. decrease in mitochondrial function, decreased production of ATP increases
anaerobic metabolism. eventual cell death.
C.M. hypoxia, cyanosis, cognitive impairment, lethargy
Free radical and ROS - CORRECT ANSWER - E. normal byproduct of ATP
production, will overwhelm the mitochondria- exhaust intracellular antioxidants
P. lipid peroxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA
C.M. development in Alzheimer's, heart disease, Parkinson's disease,
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Ethanol - CORRECT ANSWER - E. mood altering drug, long term effects on
liver and nutritional status
P. metabolized by liver, generates free radicals
C.M. CNS depression, nutrient deficiencies-Mag, Vit B6, thiamine, PO4,
inflammation and fatty infiltration of liver, hepatomegaly, leads to liver failure
irreversible
,Oncosis - CORRECT ANSWER - Na and H2O enter cell and cause swelling.
Organ increases in weight, becomes distended and pale. Associated with high
fever, hypocalcemia, certain infections
Fatty Infiltration - CORRECT ANSWER - intracellular accumulation of lipids
in the liver
liver fails to metabolize lipids. usually from ETOH or high fat diet. can lead to
cirrhosis
dystrophic calcification - CORRECT ANSWER - accumulation of Ca in dead
or dying tissues
calcium salt clump and harden- interfere with cellular structure and function
r/t pulmonary TB, atherosclerosis, injured heart valves, chronic pancreatitis
metastatic calcification - CORRECT ANSWER - accumulation of Ca in
normal tissue
result of hypercalcemia r/t hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, toxic levels
of Vit D. Can also r/t hyperphosphatemia in renal failure
urate accumulation - CORRECT ANSWER - sodium urate crystals are
deposited in tissues- group of disorders collectively called gout- acute arthritis,
chronic gouty arthritis, tophus, nephritis
Coagulative Necrosis - CORRECT ANSWER - kidneys, heart, adrenals-
secondary to hypoxia
Liquefactive Necrosis - CORRECT ANSWER - nerve cells- brain-
accumulation of pus
Caseous Necrosis - CORRECT ANSWER - lung disease- usually TB- tissue
looks like clumped cheese
, Fat Necrosis - CORRECT ANSWER - breast, pancreas, abdominal structures-
creates soaps
Gangrenous Necrosis - CORRECT ANSWER - Dry- dark shriveled skin
Wet- internal organs- can lead to death
Gas- from clostridium- antitoxins and hyperbaric therapy
Gout - CORRECT ANSWER - E. disturbances in serum urate levels.
uncommon for < 30 years old.
P. uric acid is deposited in the tissues of kidney, heart, earlobes, and joints.
C.M. inflammation, painful joints. result of diuretic use or diet high in cream
sauces, red wine, or red meat
Rhabdomyolysis - CORRECT ANSWER - E. cell hypoxia caused by severe
muscle trauma, hyperthermia, crush injuries, or severe dehydration
P. hypoxia to cell causes failure of the Na-K pump, causing accumulation of
intracellular sodium, oncosis, and eventual cell death. Cell death releases
enzymes such as CK, uric acid, LDH, AST, etc.
C.M. Causes: trauma, hyperthermia, crush injuries, severe dehydration; s/s: CK
is 5x upper normal limit, muscle pain, weakness, dark, reddish-brown urine,
hypercalcemia, renal failure
Alpha Fetoprotein Origin - CORRECT ANSWER - Liver and germ cell
tumors
Carcinoembryonic Antigen - CORRECT ANSWER - GI, pancreas, lung,
breast tumors
Prostate Specific Antigen - CORRECT ANSWER - prostate tumors
