1|Page
CVS PHARMACOLOGY FINAL EXAM LATEST 2026-2027 ACTUAL
EXAM WITH COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS (100% VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+|
||PROFESSOR VERIFIED|| ||BRANDNEW!!!||
What are side effects, contraindications and drug interactions of
aspirin? - ANSWER-Side effects include GI irritation and bleeding
(peptic ulcer), haemorrhage and hypersensitivity in a small group
of patients. It is contraindicated in <16's due to Reye's syndrome
(severe liver disease and brain damage), and also
hypersensitivity and the 3rd trimester of pregnancy as it can lead
to premature closure of the ductus arteriosus. It is cautioned with
other antiplatelet drugs and other anticoagulants, due to
additive/synergistic actions, and COX-1 polymorphisms can lead
to a lack of efficacy in some.
What are indications of aspirin? - ANSWER-AF before
consideration of anticoagulants, secondary TIA/stroke prevention,
secondary ACS prevention, post primary percutaneous coronary
intervention and stent to reduce ischaemic complications and
NSTEMI/STEMI as an initial loading dose of 300mg
,2|Page
What are ADP receptor antagonists? - ANSWER-Inhibit binding of
ADP to the P2Y12 receptor leading to inhibition of activation of
GP IIb/IIIa receptors. They include clopidogrel, prasugrel and
ticagrelor and are independent of the COX pathway. Clopidogrel
and prasugrel are both irreversible prodrugs with active hepatic
metabolites. Clopidogrel has a slow onset without a loading dose
where ticagrelor and prasugrel have more rapid onset, and
ticagrelor acts reversibly to a slightly different site on the receptor.
What are side effects, contraindications and drug reactions of
ADP receptor antagonists? - ANSWER-Side effects include
bleeding, GI upset (dyspepsia and diarrhoea) and rarely
thrombocytopenia. Caution should be taken in patients with high
bleed risk and renal and/or hepatic impairment. Clopidogrel
requires activation by CYP enzymes - inhibitors such as
omeprazole (PPI), ciprofloxacin, erythromycin and some SSRIs
can lead to increased amounts. Other PPI use should be
considered with clopidogrel as a result, and ticagrelor can interact
with both inhibitors and inducers. Caution should also be taken
when prescribed with other antiplatelet or anticoagulant agents or
NSAIDs due to the increased risk of bleeding. Clopidogrel needs
stopping around 7 days before any surgery in most patients due
to the irreversible action.
, 3|Page
What are indications of ADP receptor antagonists? - ANSWER-
Clopidogrel can be used in mono therapy where aspirin is
contraindicated, in NSTEMI patients (3 months) and STEMI
patients (up to 4 weeks)
Patients with an ischaemic stroke and TIA get clopidogrel long-
term as secondary prevention
Prasugrel and ticagrelor can be used with aspirin in ACS for up to
12 months
What do phosphodiesterase inhibitors do? - ANSWER-Inhibit
cellular reuptake of adenosine leading to an increased [plasma
adenosine] which inhibits plasma aggregation (A2 receptors)
Also inhibits phosphodiesterase, preventing cAMP degradation
leading to inhibited expression of GP IIb/IIIa
What are side effects and drug interactions of phosphodiesterase
inhibitors? - ANSWER-Side effects include vomiting and diarrhoea
and dizziness, with important drug interactions being with other
antiplatelets and anticoagulants and adenosine
CVS PHARMACOLOGY FINAL EXAM LATEST 2026-2027 ACTUAL
EXAM WITH COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS (100% VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+|
||PROFESSOR VERIFIED|| ||BRANDNEW!!!||
What are side effects, contraindications and drug interactions of
aspirin? - ANSWER-Side effects include GI irritation and bleeding
(peptic ulcer), haemorrhage and hypersensitivity in a small group
of patients. It is contraindicated in <16's due to Reye's syndrome
(severe liver disease and brain damage), and also
hypersensitivity and the 3rd trimester of pregnancy as it can lead
to premature closure of the ductus arteriosus. It is cautioned with
other antiplatelet drugs and other anticoagulants, due to
additive/synergistic actions, and COX-1 polymorphisms can lead
to a lack of efficacy in some.
What are indications of aspirin? - ANSWER-AF before
consideration of anticoagulants, secondary TIA/stroke prevention,
secondary ACS prevention, post primary percutaneous coronary
intervention and stent to reduce ischaemic complications and
NSTEMI/STEMI as an initial loading dose of 300mg
,2|Page
What are ADP receptor antagonists? - ANSWER-Inhibit binding of
ADP to the P2Y12 receptor leading to inhibition of activation of
GP IIb/IIIa receptors. They include clopidogrel, prasugrel and
ticagrelor and are independent of the COX pathway. Clopidogrel
and prasugrel are both irreversible prodrugs with active hepatic
metabolites. Clopidogrel has a slow onset without a loading dose
where ticagrelor and prasugrel have more rapid onset, and
ticagrelor acts reversibly to a slightly different site on the receptor.
What are side effects, contraindications and drug reactions of
ADP receptor antagonists? - ANSWER-Side effects include
bleeding, GI upset (dyspepsia and diarrhoea) and rarely
thrombocytopenia. Caution should be taken in patients with high
bleed risk and renal and/or hepatic impairment. Clopidogrel
requires activation by CYP enzymes - inhibitors such as
omeprazole (PPI), ciprofloxacin, erythromycin and some SSRIs
can lead to increased amounts. Other PPI use should be
considered with clopidogrel as a result, and ticagrelor can interact
with both inhibitors and inducers. Caution should also be taken
when prescribed with other antiplatelet or anticoagulant agents or
NSAIDs due to the increased risk of bleeding. Clopidogrel needs
stopping around 7 days before any surgery in most patients due
to the irreversible action.
, 3|Page
What are indications of ADP receptor antagonists? - ANSWER-
Clopidogrel can be used in mono therapy where aspirin is
contraindicated, in NSTEMI patients (3 months) and STEMI
patients (up to 4 weeks)
Patients with an ischaemic stroke and TIA get clopidogrel long-
term as secondary prevention
Prasugrel and ticagrelor can be used with aspirin in ACS for up to
12 months
What do phosphodiesterase inhibitors do? - ANSWER-Inhibit
cellular reuptake of adenosine leading to an increased [plasma
adenosine] which inhibits plasma aggregation (A2 receptors)
Also inhibits phosphodiesterase, preventing cAMP degradation
leading to inhibited expression of GP IIb/IIIa
What are side effects and drug interactions of phosphodiesterase
inhibitors? - ANSWER-Side effects include vomiting and diarrhoea
and dizziness, with important drug interactions being with other
antiplatelets and anticoagulants and adenosine
