BIOL251: Human Anatomy & Physiology I w/Lab 2026
Module 2: Comprehensive Practice Exam (80+ Questions)
This exam covers key topics from Module 2, including cellular structure,
tissues, the integumentary system, and the skeletal system. Use this to
test your knowledge and prepare for your upcoming exam.
Cellular Structure & Function
1. What is the basic structural and functional unit of all living
organisms?
A. Tissue
B. Organ
C. Cell
D. Organ system
Rationale: The cell is the smallest unit capable of performing all life
functions .
2. Which organelle is responsible for producing ATP through cellular
respiration?
A. Nucleus
B. Ribosome
C. Mitochondrion
D. Endoplasmic reticulum
Rationale: Mitochondria are the "powerhouses" of the cell, converting
glucose and oxygen into ATP .
3. A researcher observes a cell that has a distinct nucleus and several
membrane-bound organelles. The researcher concludes the cell must
be:
A. A prokaryotic cell
B. A eukaryotic cell
C. A bacterial cell
,D. A viral particle
Rationale: Eukaryotic cells are defined by having a true nucleus and
membrane-bound organelles .
4. The plasma membrane is primarily composed of:
A. Proteins and nucleic acids
B. Carbohydrates and proteins
C. A phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins
D. Cellulose and lignin
Rationale: The phospholipid bilayer provides the fundamental
structure, with proteins embedded for various functions .
5. Which of the following is a component of the cytoskeleton?
A. Ribosomes
B. Microfilaments
C. Lysosomes
D. Peroxisomes
Rationale: Microfilaments, along with microtubules and intermediate
filaments, make up the cytoskeleton .
6. The movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide between cells and
capillaries occurs through:
A. Facilitated diffusion
B. Simple diffusion
C. Active transport
D. Endocytosis
Rationale: Small, nonpolar molecules like O₂ and CO₂ can diffuse
directly through the lipid bilayer .
7. During an experiment, a red blood cell is placed in a solution and
begins to lose water rapidly, causing it to shrink. Which type of
solution is this?
A. Hypotonic
, B. Hypertonic
C. Isotonic
D. Hydrotonic
Rationale: In a hypertonic solution, the higher solute concentration
outside the cell draws water out, causing crenation .
8. The sodium-potassium pump moves ions in which direction?
A. 2 Na⁺ in, 3 K⁺ out
B. 3 Na⁺ out, 2 K⁺ in
C. 3 Na⁺ in, 2 K⁺ out
D. Both Na⁺ and K⁺ into the cell
Rationale: This active transport pump uses ATP to maintain the
electrochemical gradient by exporting 3 sodium ions and importing 2
potassium ions .
9. A white blood cell engulfs a bacterium by forming a vesicle around
it. This process is called:
A. Pinocytosis
B. Phagocytosis
C. Exocytosis
D. Receptor-mediated endocytosis
Rationale: Phagocytosis, or "cell eating," is used by immune cells to
engulf large particles like pathogens .
10. The phase of the cell cycle during which DNA is replicated is:
A. G₁ phase
B. S phase
C. G₂ phase
D. M phase
Rationale: Synthesis (S) phase is when DNA replication occurs .
Tissues and Histology
Module 2: Comprehensive Practice Exam (80+ Questions)
This exam covers key topics from Module 2, including cellular structure,
tissues, the integumentary system, and the skeletal system. Use this to
test your knowledge and prepare for your upcoming exam.
Cellular Structure & Function
1. What is the basic structural and functional unit of all living
organisms?
A. Tissue
B. Organ
C. Cell
D. Organ system
Rationale: The cell is the smallest unit capable of performing all life
functions .
2. Which organelle is responsible for producing ATP through cellular
respiration?
A. Nucleus
B. Ribosome
C. Mitochondrion
D. Endoplasmic reticulum
Rationale: Mitochondria are the "powerhouses" of the cell, converting
glucose and oxygen into ATP .
3. A researcher observes a cell that has a distinct nucleus and several
membrane-bound organelles. The researcher concludes the cell must
be:
A. A prokaryotic cell
B. A eukaryotic cell
C. A bacterial cell
,D. A viral particle
Rationale: Eukaryotic cells are defined by having a true nucleus and
membrane-bound organelles .
4. The plasma membrane is primarily composed of:
A. Proteins and nucleic acids
B. Carbohydrates and proteins
C. A phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins
D. Cellulose and lignin
Rationale: The phospholipid bilayer provides the fundamental
structure, with proteins embedded for various functions .
5. Which of the following is a component of the cytoskeleton?
A. Ribosomes
B. Microfilaments
C. Lysosomes
D. Peroxisomes
Rationale: Microfilaments, along with microtubules and intermediate
filaments, make up the cytoskeleton .
6. The movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide between cells and
capillaries occurs through:
A. Facilitated diffusion
B. Simple diffusion
C. Active transport
D. Endocytosis
Rationale: Small, nonpolar molecules like O₂ and CO₂ can diffuse
directly through the lipid bilayer .
7. During an experiment, a red blood cell is placed in a solution and
begins to lose water rapidly, causing it to shrink. Which type of
solution is this?
A. Hypotonic
, B. Hypertonic
C. Isotonic
D. Hydrotonic
Rationale: In a hypertonic solution, the higher solute concentration
outside the cell draws water out, causing crenation .
8. The sodium-potassium pump moves ions in which direction?
A. 2 Na⁺ in, 3 K⁺ out
B. 3 Na⁺ out, 2 K⁺ in
C. 3 Na⁺ in, 2 K⁺ out
D. Both Na⁺ and K⁺ into the cell
Rationale: This active transport pump uses ATP to maintain the
electrochemical gradient by exporting 3 sodium ions and importing 2
potassium ions .
9. A white blood cell engulfs a bacterium by forming a vesicle around
it. This process is called:
A. Pinocytosis
B. Phagocytosis
C. Exocytosis
D. Receptor-mediated endocytosis
Rationale: Phagocytosis, or "cell eating," is used by immune cells to
engulf large particles like pathogens .
10. The phase of the cell cycle during which DNA is replicated is:
A. G₁ phase
B. S phase
C. G₂ phase
D. M phase
Rationale: Synthesis (S) phase is when DNA replication occurs .
Tissues and Histology
