Essential Cell Biology 5th Edition – Complete Test Bank with Verified Answers (Bruce Alberts)

,ESSENTIAL CELL BIOLOGY, FIFTH EDITION B - G B - G B - G B-G




CHAPTER 1: CELLS: THE FUNDAMENTAL UNITS OF LIFE B - G B-G B-G B -G B - G B - G B -G




Unity and Diversity of Cells
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1-1 Living systems are incredibly diverse in size, shape, environment, and behavior. It is estimated that
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there are between 10 million and 100 million different species. Despite this wide variety of
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organisms, it remains difficult to define what it means to say something is alive. Which of the
g b-g b-g b-g b-g b-g b-g b-g b-g b-g b-g b-g b-g b-g b-g b-g b-g b-




following can be described as the smallest living unit?
g b-g b-g b-g b-g b-g b-g b-g b-g




(a) DNA (b) cell b-g




(c) organelle
(d) protein

1-2 Indicate whether the following statements are true or false. If the statement is false, explain why
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it is false.
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A. The Paramecium is a multicellular microorganism covered with hairlike cilia.
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B. Cells of different types can have different chemical requirements. C. b-g b-g b-g b-g b-g b-g b-g b-g b-g




The branchlike extensions that sprout from a single nerve cell in a
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mammalian brain can extend over several hundred micrometers. b-g b-g b-g b-g b-g b-g b-g




1-3 For each of the following sentences, fill in the blanks with the best word or phrase selected from
b-g b-g b-g b-g b-g b-g b-g b-g b-g b-g b-g b-g b-g b-g b-g b-g b-g b-




the list below. Not all words or phrases will be used; each word or phrase should be used only
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once.
g




Cells can be very diverse: superficially, they come in various sizes, ranging from
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bacterial cells such as Lactobacillus, which is a few
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in length, to larger cells such as a frog’s egg, which has a diameter of b-g b-g b-g b-g b-g b-g b-g b-g b-g b-g b-g b-g b-g b-g b-




about one
g . Despite the diversity, cells resemble each other to an
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astonishing degree in their chemistry. For example, the same 20
g b-g are used b-g b-g b-g b-g b-g b-g b-g b-g b-g b-g b-




to make proteins. Similarly, the genetic information of all cells is stored in their
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. Although contain the same types of molecules b-g b-g b-g b-g b-g b-g b-g b-




as cells, their inability to reproduce themselves by their own efforts means that they are not
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considered living matter.
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amino acids b-g micrometer(s) viruses
DNA millimeter(s) b- yeast
fatty acids b-g b- plants
g




meter
g plasma membranes b-g

,1-4 How does cellular specialization serve multicellular organisms and how might a
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high degree of specialization be detrimental?
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1-5 The flow of genetic information is controlled by a series of biochemical
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reactions that result in the production of proteins, each with its own specific
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order of amino acids. Choose the correct series of biochemical reactions from
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the options presented here.
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(a) replication, transcription, translation b-g b-g




(b) replication, translation, transcription b-g b-g




(c) translation, transcription, replication b-g b-g




(d) translation, replication, transcription b-g b-g




1-6 Proteins are important architectural and catalytic components within the cell,
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helping to determine its chemistry, its shape, and its ability to respond to
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changes in the environment. Remarkably, all of the different proteins in a cell
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are made from the same 20 . By linking them in different sequences, the cell
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can make protein molecules with different conformations and surface chemistries,
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and therefore different functions.
g b-g b-g b-g




(a) nucleotides.
(b) sugars.
(c) amino acids. b-g




(d) fatty acids. b-g




1-7 Which statement is NOT true about mutations?
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(a) A mutation is a change in the DNA that can generate offspring less fit for
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survival than their parents.g b-g b-g b-g




(b) A mutation can be a result of imperfect DNA duplication.
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(c) A mutation is a result of sexual reproduction.
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(d) A mutation is a change in the DNA that can generate offspring that are as
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fit for survival as their parents are.
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1-8 Changes in DNA sequence from one generation to the next may result in offspring
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that are altered in fitness compared with their parents. The process of change
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and selection over the course of many generations is the basis of
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(a) mutation.
(b) evolution.
(c) heredity.
(d) reproduction.

1-9 Select the option that best finishes the following statement: ―Evolution is a
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process
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(a) that can be understood based on the principles of mutation and selection.
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(b) that results from repeated cycles of adaptation over billions of years.
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(c) by which all present-day cells arose from 4–5 different ancestral cells.
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(d) that requires hundreds of thousands of years. b-g b-g b-g b-g b-g b-g

, 1-10 Select the option that correctly finishes the following statement: ―A cell’s genome
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.‖
(a) is defined as all the genes being used to make protein.
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(b) contains all of a cell’s DNA. b-g b-g b-g b-g b-g




(c) constantly changes, depending upon the cell’s environment. b-g b-g b-g b-g b-g b-g




(d) is altered during embryonic development. b-g b-g b-g b-g




Cells Under the Microscope
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1-11 Which statement is NOT true about the events/conclusions from studies during
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the mid-1800s surrounding the discovery of cells?
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(a) Cells came to be known as the smallest universal building block of b-g b-g b-g b-g b-g b-g b-g b-g b-g b-g b-g b-




living organisms. g b-g




(b) Scientists came to the conclusion that new cells can form spontaneously b-g b-g b-g b-g b-g b-g b-g b-g b-g b-g b-




from the remnants of ruptured cells. g b-g b-g b-g b-g b-g




(c) Light microscopy was essential in demonstrating the commonalities b-g b-g b-g b-g b-g b-g b-g b-




between plant and animal tissues. g b-g b-g b-g b-g




(d) New cells arise from the growth and division of previously existing cells.
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1-12 What unit of length would you generally use to measure a typical plant or
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animal cell?
g b-g




(a) centimeters
(b) nanometers
(c) millimeters
(d) micrometers

1-13 Match the type of microscopy on the left with the corresponding description
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provided below. There is one best match for each.
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A. confocal
B. transmission electron b-g




C. fluorescence
D. phase-contrast
E. scanning electron b-g




F. bright-field

uses a light microscope with an optical component to take advantage of the
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different refractive indices of light passing through different regions of the
g b-g b-g b-g b-g b-g b-g b-g b-g b-g b-g b-




cell. g




employs a light microscope and requires that samples be fixed and stained
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in order to reveal cellular details.
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b - g b - requires the use of two sets of filters. The first filter narrows the
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wavelength range that reaches the specimen and the second blocks out all
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wavelengths that pass back up to the eyepiece except for those emitted by
g b-g b-g b-g b-g b-g b-g b-g b-g b-g b-g b-g b-g b-




the dye in the sample.
g b-g b-g b-g b-g




b - g b - gscans the specimen with a focused laser beam to obtain a series of two-
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dimensional optical sections, which can be used to reconstruct an image
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of g