Nurs 5315 Adv Patho Exam 1
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Atrophy - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔E. Cells decrease in size
P. Still functional; imbalance between protein synthesis and degradation.
Essentially there is an increase in the catabolism of intracellular organelles,
reducing structural components of cell
Physiologic: thymus gland in early childhood
,Pathological: disuse (muscle atrophy d/ decrease workload, pressure, use,
blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation)
Hyperplasia - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔E: cells increase in number, mitosis (cell
division) must occur, size of cell does not change
Phys: increased rate of division, increase in tissue mass after damage or
partial resection; may be compensatory, hormonal, or pathologic
Patho: abnormal proliferation of normal cells usually caused by increased
hormonal stimulation (endometrial). increase of production of local growth
factors
Ex: removal of part of the liver lead to hyperplasia of hepatocytes. uterine
or mammary gland enlargement during pregnancy
Dysplasia - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔E. Not true adaptation; Cells abnormal change
in size, shape, organization (classified as mild, moderate, severe)
P. caused by cell injury/irritation, characterized by disordered cell growth.
aka atypical hyperplasia or pre-cancer, a disorderly proliferation
Physiologic: N/A
,Pathologic: squamous dysplasia of cervix from HPV shows up on pap
smear, breast cancer development; pap smears often show dysplastic cells
of the cervix that must undergo laser/surgical tx
Metaplasia - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔E: reversible change, one type of cell changes
to another type for survival
P: reversible; results from exposure of the cells to chronic stressors, injury,
or irritation; Cancer can arise from this area, stimulus induces a
reprogramming of stem cells under the influence of cytokines and growth
factors
Ex: Patho: Columnar cells change to squamous cells in lungs of smoker or
normal ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial linings are replaced by
stratified squamous epithelial cells.; Phys: Barrett Esophagus- normal
squamous cells change to columnar epithelial cells in response to reflux,
aka intestinal metaplasia
Hypoxia injury - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔E. inadequate oxygenation of tissues
P. decrease in mitochondrial function, decreased production of ATP
increases anaerobic metabolism. eventual cell death.
C.M. hypoxia, cyanosis, cognitive impairment, lethargy
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STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, Free radical and ROS - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔E. normal byproduct of ATP
production, will overwhelm the mitochondria- exhaust intracellular
antioxidants
P. lipid peroxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA
C.M. development in Alzheimer's, heart disease, Parkinson's disease,
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Ethanol - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔E. mood altering drug, long term effects on liver
and nutritional status
P. metabolized by liver, generates free radicals
C.M. CNS depression, nutrient deficiencies-Mag, Vit B6, thiamine, PO4,
inflammation and fatty infiltration of liver, hepatomegaly, leads to liver
failure irreversible
Oncosis - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Na and H2O enter cell and cause swelling. Organ
increases in weight, becomes distended and pale. Associated with high
fever, hypocalcemia, certain infections
Fatty Infiltration - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔intracellular accumulation of lipids in the
liver
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Test
Atrophy - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔E. Cells decrease in size
P. Still functional; imbalance between protein synthesis and degradation.
Essentially there is an increase in the catabolism of intracellular organelles,
reducing structural components of cell
Physiologic: thymus gland in early childhood
,Pathological: disuse (muscle atrophy d/ decrease workload, pressure, use,
blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation)
Hyperplasia - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔E: cells increase in number, mitosis (cell
division) must occur, size of cell does not change
Phys: increased rate of division, increase in tissue mass after damage or
partial resection; may be compensatory, hormonal, or pathologic
Patho: abnormal proliferation of normal cells usually caused by increased
hormonal stimulation (endometrial). increase of production of local growth
factors
Ex: removal of part of the liver lead to hyperplasia of hepatocytes. uterine
or mammary gland enlargement during pregnancy
Dysplasia - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔E. Not true adaptation; Cells abnormal change
in size, shape, organization (classified as mild, moderate, severe)
P. caused by cell injury/irritation, characterized by disordered cell growth.
aka atypical hyperplasia or pre-cancer, a disorderly proliferation
Physiologic: N/A
,Pathologic: squamous dysplasia of cervix from HPV shows up on pap
smear, breast cancer development; pap smears often show dysplastic cells
of the cervix that must undergo laser/surgical tx
Metaplasia - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔E: reversible change, one type of cell changes
to another type for survival
P: reversible; results from exposure of the cells to chronic stressors, injury,
or irritation; Cancer can arise from this area, stimulus induces a
reprogramming of stem cells under the influence of cytokines and growth
factors
Ex: Patho: Columnar cells change to squamous cells in lungs of smoker or
normal ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial linings are replaced by
stratified squamous epithelial cells.; Phys: Barrett Esophagus- normal
squamous cells change to columnar epithelial cells in response to reflux,
aka intestinal metaplasia
Hypoxia injury - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔E. inadequate oxygenation of tissues
P. decrease in mitochondrial function, decreased production of ATP
increases anaerobic metabolism. eventual cell death.
C.M. hypoxia, cyanosis, cognitive impairment, lethargy
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2026. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY
3
STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, Free radical and ROS - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔E. normal byproduct of ATP
production, will overwhelm the mitochondria- exhaust intracellular
antioxidants
P. lipid peroxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA
C.M. development in Alzheimer's, heart disease, Parkinson's disease,
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Ethanol - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔E. mood altering drug, long term effects on liver
and nutritional status
P. metabolized by liver, generates free radicals
C.M. CNS depression, nutrient deficiencies-Mag, Vit B6, thiamine, PO4,
inflammation and fatty infiltration of liver, hepatomegaly, leads to liver
failure irreversible
Oncosis - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Na and H2O enter cell and cause swelling. Organ
increases in weight, becomes distended and pale. Associated with high
fever, hypocalcemia, certain infections
Fatty Infiltration - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔intracellular accumulation of lipids in the
liver
