SOCIAL Module 2 - 2025
PSYCHOLOGY
Boeken in de samenvatting: Siegler, R.S., Saffran, J., Eisenberg, N.,
Gershoff, N. (2024). How children develop. Seventh Edition & Kassin, S.,
Fein, S., Markus, H.R. (2025) Social Psychology, International Student
Edition. 12th edition,
, 1
Inhoudsopgave
Chapter 3: The Social Self...............................................................................................................................................3
3-1 The Self-Concept..................................................................................................................................................3
3-2 Self-Esteem...........................................................................................................................................................6
3-3 Self-Presentation...................................................................................................................................................9
Chapter 4: Perceiving Persons.......................................................................................................................................11
4-1 Observation: The Elements of Social Perception................................................................................................11
4-2 Attribution: From Elements to Dispositions........................................................................................................14
4-3 Integration: From Dispositions to Impressions....................................................................................................16
4-4 Confirmation Biases: From Impressions to Reality.............................................................................................17
Chapter 5: Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination..................................................................................................18
Chapter 6: Attributes.....................................................................................................................................................20
6-1 The Study of Attitudes........................................................................................................................................20
6-2. Persuasion by Communication...........................................................................................................................23
6-3. Persuasion by Our Own Actions........................................................................................................................24
Chapter 7: Conformity...................................................................................................................................................26
7-2 Conformity..........................................................................................................................................................26
7-3 Compliance.........................................................................................................................................................27
7-4 Obedience............................................................................................................................................................29
Chapter 8: Group Processes...........................................................................................................................................31
8-1 Fundamentals of Groups.....................................................................................................................................31
8-2 Individuals in Groups: The Presence of Others...................................................................................................33
8-3 Group Performance: Problems and Solutions......................................................................................................35
Chapter 9: Attraction and Close Relationships..............................................................................................................38
9-1 Need to Belong: A Fundamental Human Motive................................................................................................38
9-2 The Initial Attraction...........................................................................................................................................38
9-3 Close Relationships.............................................................................................................................................43
Chapter 10: Helping Others...........................................................................................................................................49
10-1 Evolutionary and Motivational Factors: Why Do People Help?........................................................................49
10-2 Situational Influences: When Do People Help?.................................................................................................51
10-4 Interpersonal Influences: Whom Do People Help?............................................................................................53
Chapter 11: Agression...................................................................................................................................................54
11-1 What Is Aggression?.........................................................................................................................................54
11-2 Culture, Gender, and Individual Differences.....................................................................................................55
11-3 Origins of Aggression.......................................................................................................................................56
11-4 Situational Influences on Aggression................................................................................................................57
11-5 Media Effects....................................................................................................................................................58
11-6 Reducing Agression and Violence.....................................................................................................................58
Developmental Psychology...........................................................................................................................................61
, 2
Chapter 9: Theories of Social Development..................................................................................................................61
Chapter 11: Attachment to Other and Development of Self..........................................................................................65
Chapter 12: The Family.................................................................................................................................................69
Chapter 13: Peer Relationships......................................................................................................................................74
Chapter 14: Moral Development...................................................................................................................................83
Oefenvragen per Hoofdstuk...........................................................................................................................................90
Chapter 3: The Social Self.....................................................................................................................................90
Chapter 4: Perceiving Persons...............................................................................................................................91
Chapter 5: Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination..........................................................................................93
Chapter 6: Attitudes...............................................................................................................................................94
Chapter 7: Conformity...........................................................................................................................................95
Chapter 8: Group Processes...................................................................................................................................97
Chapter 9: Attraction and Close Relationships......................................................................................................98
Chapter 10: Helping Others...................................................................................................................................99
Chapter 11: Aggression.......................................................................................................................................101
Chapter 9: Theories of Social Development........................................................................................................102
Chapter 11: Attachment to Others and Development of Self...............................................................................103
Chapter 12: The Family.......................................................................................................................................105
Chapter 13: Peer Relationships............................................................................................................................106
Chapter 14: Moral Development.........................................................................................................................107
Antwoorden.............................................................................................................................................................111
, 3
Chapter 3: The Social Self
3-1 The Self-Concept
Perceiving yourself:
- Zelfconcept (self-concept): het beeld dat je van jezelf hebt. Alles wat je denkt te weten over jezelf.
- Zelfwaardering (self esteem): hoe voel je jezelf? Voel je je goed of minder goed over jezelf? Trots of
onzeker?
- Zelf-prestatie: hoe laat je jezelf aan anderen zien? Wat laat je van jezelf zien in gesprekken en groepen?
Voorbeeld: bedenk hoe iemand zichzelf ziet (self concept), hoe die persoon zich voelt over zichzelf (self esteem), en
hoe diegene zich gedraagt in een gesprek (self-presentation).
Zelfschema’s: mentale vakjes waarin je informatie over jezelf opslaat.
- Voorbeelden: extravert vs. introvert, conservatief vs. liberaal.
Zelfschema’s zijn individueel verschillend.
- Mensen verschillen in welke kenmerken ze belangrijk vinden.
o Voorbeeld: Wie sterk bezig is met lichaamsgewicht, ziet in veel situaties triggers die hiermee te
maken hebben (schematisch). Wie dit niet belangrijk vindt, reageert minder op zulke cues
(schematisch).
- Double consciousness: het gevoel dat je jezelf vanuit twee perspectieven tegelijk bekijkt, vaak omdat je in
twee culturen leeft die niet volledig overeenkomen.
Cocktailparty-effect: is het vermogen van de hersenen om zich te concentreren op één auditieve prikkel, zoals een
gesprek, terwijl een rumoerige achtergrond wordt uitgefilterd.
- Laat zien dat we direct reageren op onze naam of andere persoonlijke stimuli.
- Het zelf staat centraal in onze aandacht en beïnvloedt voortdurend onze gedachten en waarnemingen.
Onderzoek met fMRI en PET laat zie dat sommige hersengebieden actiever zijn bij zelfrelevante informatie; het zien
van je eigen gezicht of naam.
- Het zelf is niet op één plek gevestigd, maar hangt samen met meerdere processen en hersengebieden.
- Ernstige hersenbeschadiging kan het zelfgevoel veranderen of vernietigen.
Grote apen slagen in de spiegeltest: zij herkennen zichzelf.
- Menselijke kinderen ontwikkelen spiegelzelfherkenning rond 18-24 maanden.
- Nuance: spiegeltest werkt niet altijd even goed in alle culturen. Gebrek aan zelfherkenning kan soms komen
door cultuur en opvoeding niet door afwezigheid van zelfbesef.
PSYCHOLOGY
Boeken in de samenvatting: Siegler, R.S., Saffran, J., Eisenberg, N.,
Gershoff, N. (2024). How children develop. Seventh Edition & Kassin, S.,
Fein, S., Markus, H.R. (2025) Social Psychology, International Student
Edition. 12th edition,
, 1
Inhoudsopgave
Chapter 3: The Social Self...............................................................................................................................................3
3-1 The Self-Concept..................................................................................................................................................3
3-2 Self-Esteem...........................................................................................................................................................6
3-3 Self-Presentation...................................................................................................................................................9
Chapter 4: Perceiving Persons.......................................................................................................................................11
4-1 Observation: The Elements of Social Perception................................................................................................11
4-2 Attribution: From Elements to Dispositions........................................................................................................14
4-3 Integration: From Dispositions to Impressions....................................................................................................16
4-4 Confirmation Biases: From Impressions to Reality.............................................................................................17
Chapter 5: Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination..................................................................................................18
Chapter 6: Attributes.....................................................................................................................................................20
6-1 The Study of Attitudes........................................................................................................................................20
6-2. Persuasion by Communication...........................................................................................................................23
6-3. Persuasion by Our Own Actions........................................................................................................................24
Chapter 7: Conformity...................................................................................................................................................26
7-2 Conformity..........................................................................................................................................................26
7-3 Compliance.........................................................................................................................................................27
7-4 Obedience............................................................................................................................................................29
Chapter 8: Group Processes...........................................................................................................................................31
8-1 Fundamentals of Groups.....................................................................................................................................31
8-2 Individuals in Groups: The Presence of Others...................................................................................................33
8-3 Group Performance: Problems and Solutions......................................................................................................35
Chapter 9: Attraction and Close Relationships..............................................................................................................38
9-1 Need to Belong: A Fundamental Human Motive................................................................................................38
9-2 The Initial Attraction...........................................................................................................................................38
9-3 Close Relationships.............................................................................................................................................43
Chapter 10: Helping Others...........................................................................................................................................49
10-1 Evolutionary and Motivational Factors: Why Do People Help?........................................................................49
10-2 Situational Influences: When Do People Help?.................................................................................................51
10-4 Interpersonal Influences: Whom Do People Help?............................................................................................53
Chapter 11: Agression...................................................................................................................................................54
11-1 What Is Aggression?.........................................................................................................................................54
11-2 Culture, Gender, and Individual Differences.....................................................................................................55
11-3 Origins of Aggression.......................................................................................................................................56
11-4 Situational Influences on Aggression................................................................................................................57
11-5 Media Effects....................................................................................................................................................58
11-6 Reducing Agression and Violence.....................................................................................................................58
Developmental Psychology...........................................................................................................................................61
, 2
Chapter 9: Theories of Social Development..................................................................................................................61
Chapter 11: Attachment to Other and Development of Self..........................................................................................65
Chapter 12: The Family.................................................................................................................................................69
Chapter 13: Peer Relationships......................................................................................................................................74
Chapter 14: Moral Development...................................................................................................................................83
Oefenvragen per Hoofdstuk...........................................................................................................................................90
Chapter 3: The Social Self.....................................................................................................................................90
Chapter 4: Perceiving Persons...............................................................................................................................91
Chapter 5: Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination..........................................................................................93
Chapter 6: Attitudes...............................................................................................................................................94
Chapter 7: Conformity...........................................................................................................................................95
Chapter 8: Group Processes...................................................................................................................................97
Chapter 9: Attraction and Close Relationships......................................................................................................98
Chapter 10: Helping Others...................................................................................................................................99
Chapter 11: Aggression.......................................................................................................................................101
Chapter 9: Theories of Social Development........................................................................................................102
Chapter 11: Attachment to Others and Development of Self...............................................................................103
Chapter 12: The Family.......................................................................................................................................105
Chapter 13: Peer Relationships............................................................................................................................106
Chapter 14: Moral Development.........................................................................................................................107
Antwoorden.............................................................................................................................................................111
, 3
Chapter 3: The Social Self
3-1 The Self-Concept
Perceiving yourself:
- Zelfconcept (self-concept): het beeld dat je van jezelf hebt. Alles wat je denkt te weten over jezelf.
- Zelfwaardering (self esteem): hoe voel je jezelf? Voel je je goed of minder goed over jezelf? Trots of
onzeker?
- Zelf-prestatie: hoe laat je jezelf aan anderen zien? Wat laat je van jezelf zien in gesprekken en groepen?
Voorbeeld: bedenk hoe iemand zichzelf ziet (self concept), hoe die persoon zich voelt over zichzelf (self esteem), en
hoe diegene zich gedraagt in een gesprek (self-presentation).
Zelfschema’s: mentale vakjes waarin je informatie over jezelf opslaat.
- Voorbeelden: extravert vs. introvert, conservatief vs. liberaal.
Zelfschema’s zijn individueel verschillend.
- Mensen verschillen in welke kenmerken ze belangrijk vinden.
o Voorbeeld: Wie sterk bezig is met lichaamsgewicht, ziet in veel situaties triggers die hiermee te
maken hebben (schematisch). Wie dit niet belangrijk vindt, reageert minder op zulke cues
(schematisch).
- Double consciousness: het gevoel dat je jezelf vanuit twee perspectieven tegelijk bekijkt, vaak omdat je in
twee culturen leeft die niet volledig overeenkomen.
Cocktailparty-effect: is het vermogen van de hersenen om zich te concentreren op één auditieve prikkel, zoals een
gesprek, terwijl een rumoerige achtergrond wordt uitgefilterd.
- Laat zien dat we direct reageren op onze naam of andere persoonlijke stimuli.
- Het zelf staat centraal in onze aandacht en beïnvloedt voortdurend onze gedachten en waarnemingen.
Onderzoek met fMRI en PET laat zie dat sommige hersengebieden actiever zijn bij zelfrelevante informatie; het zien
van je eigen gezicht of naam.
- Het zelf is niet op één plek gevestigd, maar hangt samen met meerdere processen en hersengebieden.
- Ernstige hersenbeschadiging kan het zelfgevoel veranderen of vernietigen.
Grote apen slagen in de spiegeltest: zij herkennen zichzelf.
- Menselijke kinderen ontwikkelen spiegelzelfherkenning rond 18-24 maanden.
- Nuance: spiegeltest werkt niet altijd even goed in alle culturen. Gebrek aan zelfherkenning kan soms komen
door cultuur en opvoeding niet door afwezigheid van zelfbesef.
