ONS/ONCC Chemotherapy
Immunotherapy Certificate Exam
(updated 2026) Questions With
Correct Verified And Well Analyzed
Answers Graded A+
Lesson 1: Foundations to Set the Stage
Focusing on Cellular Structure and Function
The Normal Cell Cycle
-The cell cycle refers to the ordered series of processes of DNA
replication and mitosis, or cell division
-Cell nucleus regulates these processes by gathering and processing
complexes molecular information
Interphase and Mitotic Phase
Cell division produces two identical cells through these two major
phases
During interphase:
Cell grows and DNA is replicated through the following three steps:
1: First growth phase (G1 or first gap)
2: Synthesis phase (S phase)
3: Mitotic Phase (M phase)
First Growth Phase (G1 or first gap)
,-cells increase in size
-reproduce RNA
-"quality assurance" test that the cell will be ready to synthesis DNA
-Length of time is variable, can be from hours to days
Synthesis Phase (S phase)
-DNA replicates
-Results in the formation of identical pairs of DNA (chromatids)
-which are attached a t the centromere
-lasts 2-10 hours
Mitotic Phase (M phase)
-Replicated chromosomes are aligned, separated, and move into 2
new, identical daughter cells
-takes about 30-60 minutes
Major points of cell regulation are entry and exit from
-G1 checkpoint
-S Phase
-G2 checkpoint
-M phase
Restriction Point
-The transition from the resting phase into an actively dividing phase
(G0-G1) is a point where cellular transformation can occur
-During this time, cells pass through a transition phase known as a
restriction point
, -Extracellular growth factors trigger reentry into G1, and GF are
required to send the cells past the restriction point, or the point of no
return
G0 Phase (resting phase)
-After mitosis, cells may enter back into the G1 phase or go into a
resting phase, known as G0
-Most cells in the human body reside in G0
-Exceptions to this are those that are (Resting in G0 phase)
-Exceptions to this are those that are metabolically active, such as
-granulocytes
-and the epithelium of the GI tract
Cell Cycling Time
Amount of time from mitosis to mitosis
Cell cycle video and image
http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/cha
pter2/animation__how_the_cell_cycle_works.html
Check points in the Cell Cycle: Keeping it All Under Control
-The cell cycle is carefully controlled through a series of checkpoints
-Variation in duplication or distribution of chromosomes during cell
division can alter the genetic information passed on to daughter cells,
leading to cellular dysfunction and disease, such as cancer
-These checkpoints monitor for DNA integrity and control progression
through mitosis
Progression through the cell cycle is controlled through two proteins:
1. cyclines (D, E, A, B)
2. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)
Immunotherapy Certificate Exam
(updated 2026) Questions With
Correct Verified And Well Analyzed
Answers Graded A+
Lesson 1: Foundations to Set the Stage
Focusing on Cellular Structure and Function
The Normal Cell Cycle
-The cell cycle refers to the ordered series of processes of DNA
replication and mitosis, or cell division
-Cell nucleus regulates these processes by gathering and processing
complexes molecular information
Interphase and Mitotic Phase
Cell division produces two identical cells through these two major
phases
During interphase:
Cell grows and DNA is replicated through the following three steps:
1: First growth phase (G1 or first gap)
2: Synthesis phase (S phase)
3: Mitotic Phase (M phase)
First Growth Phase (G1 or first gap)
,-cells increase in size
-reproduce RNA
-"quality assurance" test that the cell will be ready to synthesis DNA
-Length of time is variable, can be from hours to days
Synthesis Phase (S phase)
-DNA replicates
-Results in the formation of identical pairs of DNA (chromatids)
-which are attached a t the centromere
-lasts 2-10 hours
Mitotic Phase (M phase)
-Replicated chromosomes are aligned, separated, and move into 2
new, identical daughter cells
-takes about 30-60 minutes
Major points of cell regulation are entry and exit from
-G1 checkpoint
-S Phase
-G2 checkpoint
-M phase
Restriction Point
-The transition from the resting phase into an actively dividing phase
(G0-G1) is a point where cellular transformation can occur
-During this time, cells pass through a transition phase known as a
restriction point
, -Extracellular growth factors trigger reentry into G1, and GF are
required to send the cells past the restriction point, or the point of no
return
G0 Phase (resting phase)
-After mitosis, cells may enter back into the G1 phase or go into a
resting phase, known as G0
-Most cells in the human body reside in G0
-Exceptions to this are those that are (Resting in G0 phase)
-Exceptions to this are those that are metabolically active, such as
-granulocytes
-and the epithelium of the GI tract
Cell Cycling Time
Amount of time from mitosis to mitosis
Cell cycle video and image
http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/cha
pter2/animation__how_the_cell_cycle_works.html
Check points in the Cell Cycle: Keeping it All Under Control
-The cell cycle is carefully controlled through a series of checkpoints
-Variation in duplication or distribution of chromosomes during cell
division can alter the genetic information passed on to daughter cells,
leading to cellular dysfunction and disease, such as cancer
-These checkpoints monitor for DNA integrity and control progression
through mitosis
Progression through the cell cycle is controlled through two proteins:
1. cyclines (D, E, A, B)
2. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)
