NURS 5315 NURS5315 EXAM 2 ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GRADED A+ 2026 GUIDE
Which of the following is an example of a physical barrier?
a. ) Antibacterial fatty acids
b. ) Lysozymes in tears
c. ) Epithelial cells
d. ) Earwax
C. Epithelial cells
Epithelial cells form tight junctions that are a physical barrier to entry for organisms. Sebaceous glands
in the skin secrete antibacterial and antifungal fatty acids. Earwax and lysozymes in tears are examples
of biochemical secretions that trap potential disease-causing microorganisms.
Which statement is true regarding the inflammatory response?
a. ) Inflammatory response is the third line of defense.
b. ) Inflammatory response relies on cellular components only.
c. ) Inflammatory response generates a nonspecific response.
d.) Inflammatory response occurs in nonvascular tissue.
c. ) Inflammatory response generates a nonspecific response.
The inflammatory response is the second line of defense. It occurs at the site of tissue injury and
generates a nonspecific response that involves cellular and chemical components. The inflammatory
response occurs in tissues with a blood supply (vascularized).
Which receptor is expressed on macrophages and facilitates recognition and phagocytosis of bacterial
pathogens?
a. ) Complement receptors
b. ) Scavenger receptors
c. ) Toll-like receptors
d. )Pattern recognition receptors
b. ) Scavenger receptors
The scavenger receptors are primarily expressed on macrophages and facilitate recognition and
phagocytosis of bacterial pathogens. Complement receptors recognize a variety of fragments produced
through activation of the complement system. Toll-like receptors are expressed on the surface of cells,
including epithelial, mast, neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, and lymphocytes. They recognize
pathogen-associated molecular patterns or stressed host cells. Pattern recognition receptors recognize
patterns of infectious molecules. These receptors are found on cells involved in innate resistance.
Which statement regarding mast cells is true?
, NURS 5315 NURS5315 EXAM 2 ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GRADED A+ 2026 GUIDE
a. ) Histamine causes vasoconstriction.
b. ) Mast cells are found only in blood vessels.
c. ) Snake bites, bee venoms, and toxins may cause activation.
d. ) Mast cells are not involved in allergic reactions.
c. ) Snake bites, bee venoms, and toxins may cause activation.
A number of things cause the activation of mast cells, including physical injury, chemical agents
(including toxins, bee venom, and snake bites), immunologic means, and activation of an inflammatory
response. Histamine is released from mast cells and causes vasodilation. Mast cells are found in loose
connective tissue close to blood vessels. Mast cells are involved in initiating many allergic reactions.
Which term describes an acidic sulfur-containing lipid that produces effects similar to histamine?
a. ) Leukotriene
b. ) Prostaglandin
c. ) Adhesion molecule
d. ) Phagocyte
a. ) Leukotriene
Leukotrienes act similar to histamine and cause smooth muscle contraction, increased vascular
permeability, and chemotaxis. Prostaglandins cause increased vascular permeability, chemotaxis, and
pain. Adhesion molecules increase the stickiness between cells. Phagocyte cells ingest and dispose of
foreign material.
Which statement is true regarding neutrophils?
a. ) Neutrophils are agranular.
b. ) Neutrophils are the predominant phagocytes of early inflammation.
c. ) Neutrophils are the largest blood cells.
d. ) Neutrophils enter the site of injury after lymphocytes and macrophages.
b. ) Neutrophils are the predominant phagocytes of early inflammation.
Neutrophils are the predominant phagocytes of early inflammation. They arrive before lymphocytes and
macrophages. Monocytes are the largest blood cells and are granular.
What biochemical messenger is produced by macrophages and lymphocytes in response to a bacterial
pathogen?
a. ) Interleukins
, NURS 5315 NURS5315 EXAM 2 ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GRADED A+ 2026 GUIDE
b. ) Interferons
c. ) Chemokines
d. ) Tumor necrosis factor
a. ) Interleukins
Interleukins are biochemical messengers produced by macrophages and lymphocytes in response to a
bacterial pathogen. Interferons primarily protect against viral infections. Chemokines induce leukocyte
chemotaxis. Tumor necrosis factor, produced by macrophages and lymphocytes, induces a multitude of
proinflammatory effects including the enhancement of endothelial cell adhesion.
Chronic inflammation is characterized by a(an)
a. ) lack of giant cells.
b. ) absence of exudate.
c. ) dense infiltrate of lymphocytes and macrophages.
d. ) inflammation that lasts less than 2 weeks.
c. ) dense infiltrate of lymphocytes and macrophages.
Chronic inflammation is characterized by a dense infiltrate of lymphocytes and macrophages. Giant cells
are multinucleated cells that are formed by fused macrophages during granuloma formation. Chronic
inflammation often results in pus formation, purulent discharge, and incomplete wound healing. Chronic
inflammation of any cause lasts longer than 2 weeks.
Which are not natural barriers?
a. ) Physical
b. ) Resistance
c. ) Biochemical
d. ) Mechanical
b. ) Resistance
Resistance is a means by which the body may avoid being infected, but it is not a natural barrier. The
natural barriers include physical, biochemical, and mechanical, as well as inflammation at the body's
surfaces.
Which characteristics are observable of vascular injury and inflammation? (Select all that apply.)
a. ) Redness Correct
b. ) Coolness to the touch
, NURS 5315 NURS5315 EXAM 2 ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GRADED A+ 2026 GUIDE
c. ) Warmth to the touch Correct
d. ) Increased swelling Correct
e. )Pain Correct
a. ) Redness
c. ) Warmth to the touch
d. ) Increased swelling
e. )Pain
The four characteristics that are observable for inflammation in vascular tissue are redness, heat,
swelling, and pain.
Which pathways activate the complement system? (Select all that apply.)
a. ) Antigen antibody
b. ) Classical
c. ) Lectin
d. ) Alternative
a. ) Antigen antibody
b. ) Classical
c. ) Lectin
d. ) Alternative
The complement system may be activated by the classical, lectin, and alternative pathways.
Which functions of the clotting system are exhibited at the site of injury or inflammation? (Select all that
apply.)
a. ) Prevents the spread of infection to adjacent tissues Correct
b. ) Traps microorganisms at the site of inflammation for removal Correct
c. ) Prevents clot formation at the site of injury
d. ) Provides a framework for future repair and healing Correct
a. ) Prevents the spread of infection to adjacent tissues
b. ) Traps microorganisms at the site of inflammation for removal
d. ) Provides a framework for future repair and healing
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GRADED A+ 2026 GUIDE
Which of the following is an example of a physical barrier?
a. ) Antibacterial fatty acids
b. ) Lysozymes in tears
c. ) Epithelial cells
d. ) Earwax
C. Epithelial cells
Epithelial cells form tight junctions that are a physical barrier to entry for organisms. Sebaceous glands
in the skin secrete antibacterial and antifungal fatty acids. Earwax and lysozymes in tears are examples
of biochemical secretions that trap potential disease-causing microorganisms.
Which statement is true regarding the inflammatory response?
a. ) Inflammatory response is the third line of defense.
b. ) Inflammatory response relies on cellular components only.
c. ) Inflammatory response generates a nonspecific response.
d.) Inflammatory response occurs in nonvascular tissue.
c. ) Inflammatory response generates a nonspecific response.
The inflammatory response is the second line of defense. It occurs at the site of tissue injury and
generates a nonspecific response that involves cellular and chemical components. The inflammatory
response occurs in tissues with a blood supply (vascularized).
Which receptor is expressed on macrophages and facilitates recognition and phagocytosis of bacterial
pathogens?
a. ) Complement receptors
b. ) Scavenger receptors
c. ) Toll-like receptors
d. )Pattern recognition receptors
b. ) Scavenger receptors
The scavenger receptors are primarily expressed on macrophages and facilitate recognition and
phagocytosis of bacterial pathogens. Complement receptors recognize a variety of fragments produced
through activation of the complement system. Toll-like receptors are expressed on the surface of cells,
including epithelial, mast, neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, and lymphocytes. They recognize
pathogen-associated molecular patterns or stressed host cells. Pattern recognition receptors recognize
patterns of infectious molecules. These receptors are found on cells involved in innate resistance.
Which statement regarding mast cells is true?
, NURS 5315 NURS5315 EXAM 2 ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GRADED A+ 2026 GUIDE
a. ) Histamine causes vasoconstriction.
b. ) Mast cells are found only in blood vessels.
c. ) Snake bites, bee venoms, and toxins may cause activation.
d. ) Mast cells are not involved in allergic reactions.
c. ) Snake bites, bee venoms, and toxins may cause activation.
A number of things cause the activation of mast cells, including physical injury, chemical agents
(including toxins, bee venom, and snake bites), immunologic means, and activation of an inflammatory
response. Histamine is released from mast cells and causes vasodilation. Mast cells are found in loose
connective tissue close to blood vessels. Mast cells are involved in initiating many allergic reactions.
Which term describes an acidic sulfur-containing lipid that produces effects similar to histamine?
a. ) Leukotriene
b. ) Prostaglandin
c. ) Adhesion molecule
d. ) Phagocyte
a. ) Leukotriene
Leukotrienes act similar to histamine and cause smooth muscle contraction, increased vascular
permeability, and chemotaxis. Prostaglandins cause increased vascular permeability, chemotaxis, and
pain. Adhesion molecules increase the stickiness between cells. Phagocyte cells ingest and dispose of
foreign material.
Which statement is true regarding neutrophils?
a. ) Neutrophils are agranular.
b. ) Neutrophils are the predominant phagocytes of early inflammation.
c. ) Neutrophils are the largest blood cells.
d. ) Neutrophils enter the site of injury after lymphocytes and macrophages.
b. ) Neutrophils are the predominant phagocytes of early inflammation.
Neutrophils are the predominant phagocytes of early inflammation. They arrive before lymphocytes and
macrophages. Monocytes are the largest blood cells and are granular.
What biochemical messenger is produced by macrophages and lymphocytes in response to a bacterial
pathogen?
a. ) Interleukins
, NURS 5315 NURS5315 EXAM 2 ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GRADED A+ 2026 GUIDE
b. ) Interferons
c. ) Chemokines
d. ) Tumor necrosis factor
a. ) Interleukins
Interleukins are biochemical messengers produced by macrophages and lymphocytes in response to a
bacterial pathogen. Interferons primarily protect against viral infections. Chemokines induce leukocyte
chemotaxis. Tumor necrosis factor, produced by macrophages and lymphocytes, induces a multitude of
proinflammatory effects including the enhancement of endothelial cell adhesion.
Chronic inflammation is characterized by a(an)
a. ) lack of giant cells.
b. ) absence of exudate.
c. ) dense infiltrate of lymphocytes and macrophages.
d. ) inflammation that lasts less than 2 weeks.
c. ) dense infiltrate of lymphocytes and macrophages.
Chronic inflammation is characterized by a dense infiltrate of lymphocytes and macrophages. Giant cells
are multinucleated cells that are formed by fused macrophages during granuloma formation. Chronic
inflammation often results in pus formation, purulent discharge, and incomplete wound healing. Chronic
inflammation of any cause lasts longer than 2 weeks.
Which are not natural barriers?
a. ) Physical
b. ) Resistance
c. ) Biochemical
d. ) Mechanical
b. ) Resistance
Resistance is a means by which the body may avoid being infected, but it is not a natural barrier. The
natural barriers include physical, biochemical, and mechanical, as well as inflammation at the body's
surfaces.
Which characteristics are observable of vascular injury and inflammation? (Select all that apply.)
a. ) Redness Correct
b. ) Coolness to the touch
, NURS 5315 NURS5315 EXAM 2 ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GRADED A+ 2026 GUIDE
c. ) Warmth to the touch Correct
d. ) Increased swelling Correct
e. )Pain Correct
a. ) Redness
c. ) Warmth to the touch
d. ) Increased swelling
e. )Pain
The four characteristics that are observable for inflammation in vascular tissue are redness, heat,
swelling, and pain.
Which pathways activate the complement system? (Select all that apply.)
a. ) Antigen antibody
b. ) Classical
c. ) Lectin
d. ) Alternative
a. ) Antigen antibody
b. ) Classical
c. ) Lectin
d. ) Alternative
The complement system may be activated by the classical, lectin, and alternative pathways.
Which functions of the clotting system are exhibited at the site of injury or inflammation? (Select all that
apply.)
a. ) Prevents the spread of infection to adjacent tissues Correct
b. ) Traps microorganisms at the site of inflammation for removal Correct
c. ) Prevents clot formation at the site of injury
d. ) Provides a framework for future repair and healing Correct
a. ) Prevents the spread of infection to adjacent tissues
b. ) Traps microorganisms at the site of inflammation for removal
d. ) Provides a framework for future repair and healing
