NURS 535 Final Exam 1 Questions
with Guaranteed Pass Solutions 2026.
What is homeostasis? - Answer stable or remaining the same
What is allostasis? - Answer ability to successfully adjust to challenges
What is stress? - Answer it is transactional or interactional - it is not necessarily the event
but how we perceive and react to the event that produces stress.
How does a person experience stress? - Answer when a demand (real or imagined) exceeds
a person's coping abilities.
What is the general adaptation syndrome? - Answer A nonspecific response model of the
body's stress response, consisting of three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion
What is the alarm stage? - Answer arousal of body defenses
What is the stage of resistance or adaptation? - Answer Mobilization contributes to fight or
flight
What is the stage of exhaustion? - Answer Progressive breakdown of compensatory
mechanisms
What are stressors? - Answer Anything that demands a response in order to maintain
homeostasis
What are noxious stressors? - Answer Pain, cold, trauma, hunger, electric shock
What are non-noxious stressors? - Answer life events (wedding) and excitement
How do stress and disease interact? - Answer stress can precipitate or worsen an existing
disease
What are psychoneuroimmunologic mediators? - Answer Interactions of consciousness, the
brain and spinal cord, and the body's defense mechanisms
,Where is CRH released from? - Answer hypothalamus and peripherally at inflammatory sites
What effect do psychosocial stressors have on health? - Answer Immune modulation by
psychosocial stressors leads directly to health outcomes
What happens when endorphins and enkephalins are released? - Answer In a number of
conditions, individuals not only experience insensitivity to pain but also increased feelings of
excitement, positive well-being, and euphoria
What are endorphins and enkephalins? - Answer Natural opioid-like, protein substances
found in the brain that block transmission of painful impulses
Where is growth hormone produced? - Answer anterior pituitary, lymphocytes, and
mononuclear phagocytic cells
What is the function of growth hormone? - Answer enhances immune function
What does growth hormone affect? - Answer protein, lipid, and carbohydrate metabolism
and counters the effects of insulin
Are stressors the same for everyone? - Answer no, a stressor for one person may not be a
stressor for another
What is psychologic distress? - Answer General state of unpleasant arousal after life events
that manifests as physiologic, emotional, cognitive, and behavior changes
What is coping? - Answer Managing stressful demands and challenges that are appraised as
taxing or exceeding the resources of the person
What is stress linked to? - Answer coronary heart disease and other diseases
What are characteristics of stress age syndrome? - Answer - Excitability changes in the limbic
system and hypothalamus
- Increased catecholamines, ADH, ACTH, and cortisol
- Decreased testosterone, thyroxine, and other hormones -Alterations of opioid peptides
- Immunodepression
- Alterations in lipoproteins
- Hypercoagulation of the blood
, - Free radical damage of cells
Do the young and elderly experience pain? - Answer Infants, even very young premature
infants have pain perception
Elderly - experience pain and it can have a very negative effect on quality of life.
What is the SNS physiologic response to pain? - Answer Increase heart rate, respirations, and
B/P. Dilated pupils, diaphoresis, pallor (due to vasoconstriction to divert blood to vital organs),
bronchodilation, and increased blood glucose.
What is the physiologic response to pain in the autonomic nervous system? - Answer
Release of stress hormones - cortisol, aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone
What are the stages of the pain response? - Answer transduction, transmission, perception,
and modulation
What is the transduction stage of pain? - Answer stimulation of nociceptors
What is the transmission stage of pain? - Answer • Impulses move via sensory fibers
• "fast" via A delta fibers - skin, muscles
• "slow" via C fibers - internal organs
What is the perception stage of pain? - Answer Awareness and interpretation of meaning of
pain.
What is the modulation of pain? - Answer • Attempts to decrease perception of pain
• 1965 Gate Control Theory
• Neuromatrix Pain Theory
Where do endorphins and enkephalins come from? - Answer Produced in the CNS and
secreted from anterior pituitary during times of stress, pain, emotion - "stress induced
analgesia". Also released when you eat chocolate, laugh, and get a massage or acupuncture.
What is the function of endorphins and enkephalins? - Answer Reduce pain and produce
sedation and euphoria.
What is pain? - Answer an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with
actual or potential tissue damage
with Guaranteed Pass Solutions 2026.
What is homeostasis? - Answer stable or remaining the same
What is allostasis? - Answer ability to successfully adjust to challenges
What is stress? - Answer it is transactional or interactional - it is not necessarily the event
but how we perceive and react to the event that produces stress.
How does a person experience stress? - Answer when a demand (real or imagined) exceeds
a person's coping abilities.
What is the general adaptation syndrome? - Answer A nonspecific response model of the
body's stress response, consisting of three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion
What is the alarm stage? - Answer arousal of body defenses
What is the stage of resistance or adaptation? - Answer Mobilization contributes to fight or
flight
What is the stage of exhaustion? - Answer Progressive breakdown of compensatory
mechanisms
What are stressors? - Answer Anything that demands a response in order to maintain
homeostasis
What are noxious stressors? - Answer Pain, cold, trauma, hunger, electric shock
What are non-noxious stressors? - Answer life events (wedding) and excitement
How do stress and disease interact? - Answer stress can precipitate or worsen an existing
disease
What are psychoneuroimmunologic mediators? - Answer Interactions of consciousness, the
brain and spinal cord, and the body's defense mechanisms
,Where is CRH released from? - Answer hypothalamus and peripherally at inflammatory sites
What effect do psychosocial stressors have on health? - Answer Immune modulation by
psychosocial stressors leads directly to health outcomes
What happens when endorphins and enkephalins are released? - Answer In a number of
conditions, individuals not only experience insensitivity to pain but also increased feelings of
excitement, positive well-being, and euphoria
What are endorphins and enkephalins? - Answer Natural opioid-like, protein substances
found in the brain that block transmission of painful impulses
Where is growth hormone produced? - Answer anterior pituitary, lymphocytes, and
mononuclear phagocytic cells
What is the function of growth hormone? - Answer enhances immune function
What does growth hormone affect? - Answer protein, lipid, and carbohydrate metabolism
and counters the effects of insulin
Are stressors the same for everyone? - Answer no, a stressor for one person may not be a
stressor for another
What is psychologic distress? - Answer General state of unpleasant arousal after life events
that manifests as physiologic, emotional, cognitive, and behavior changes
What is coping? - Answer Managing stressful demands and challenges that are appraised as
taxing or exceeding the resources of the person
What is stress linked to? - Answer coronary heart disease and other diseases
What are characteristics of stress age syndrome? - Answer - Excitability changes in the limbic
system and hypothalamus
- Increased catecholamines, ADH, ACTH, and cortisol
- Decreased testosterone, thyroxine, and other hormones -Alterations of opioid peptides
- Immunodepression
- Alterations in lipoproteins
- Hypercoagulation of the blood
, - Free radical damage of cells
Do the young and elderly experience pain? - Answer Infants, even very young premature
infants have pain perception
Elderly - experience pain and it can have a very negative effect on quality of life.
What is the SNS physiologic response to pain? - Answer Increase heart rate, respirations, and
B/P. Dilated pupils, diaphoresis, pallor (due to vasoconstriction to divert blood to vital organs),
bronchodilation, and increased blood glucose.
What is the physiologic response to pain in the autonomic nervous system? - Answer
Release of stress hormones - cortisol, aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone
What are the stages of the pain response? - Answer transduction, transmission, perception,
and modulation
What is the transduction stage of pain? - Answer stimulation of nociceptors
What is the transmission stage of pain? - Answer • Impulses move via sensory fibers
• "fast" via A delta fibers - skin, muscles
• "slow" via C fibers - internal organs
What is the perception stage of pain? - Answer Awareness and interpretation of meaning of
pain.
What is the modulation of pain? - Answer • Attempts to decrease perception of pain
• 1965 Gate Control Theory
• Neuromatrix Pain Theory
Where do endorphins and enkephalins come from? - Answer Produced in the CNS and
secreted from anterior pituitary during times of stress, pain, emotion - "stress induced
analgesia". Also released when you eat chocolate, laugh, and get a massage or acupuncture.
What is the function of endorphins and enkephalins? - Answer Reduce pain and produce
sedation and euphoria.
What is pain? - Answer an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with
actual or potential tissue damage
