NURS 535 Final Exam 2 Questions and
All Correct Answers 2025-2026
Updated.
What is polycythemia? - Answer too many RBCs
What is anemia? - Answer Reduction in the total number of erythrocytes in the circulating
blood or in the quality or quantity of hemoglobin
What is the etiology of anemia? - Answer • Impaired erythrocyte production
• Acute or chronic blood loss
• Increased erythrocyte destruction
• Combination of the above
What is mean cell volume (MCV)? - Answer Average volume of RBC in cubic micrometers
What is mean cell hemoglobin (MCH)? - Answer Average content of Hb per RBC
What is mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)? - Answer average concentration of Hb
in given volume of packed RBCs in gm/dL
What is red blood cell distribution width (RWD)? - Answer Coefficient of variation of RBC
volume
What is the size of a RBC? - Answer normocytic, microcytic, macrocytic
What is the color of a RBC? - Answer degree of hemoglobination- normochromic,
hypochromic
What is the shape of a RBC? - Answer spherocytosis, elliptocytosis
What is anisocytosis? - Answer Red cells are present in various sizes
What is poikilocytosis? - Answer Red cells are present in various shapes
,What is the physiologic manifestation of anemia? - Answer Reduced oxygen carrying
capacity
What are classic anemia symptoms? - Answer fatigue, weakness, dyspnea, pallor
What causes anemia? - Answer Due to hypoxemia and tissue hypoxia
What is the effect of anemia on the cardiovascular system? - Answer Increased preload,
heart rate, and stroke volume;
reduced afterload
What is the effect of anemia on the respiratory system? - Answer dyspnea
What is the effect of anemia on the nervous system? - Answer myelin degeneration
What is the effect of anemia on the GI system? - Answer pain, nausea, vomiting, anorexia
What is normochromic macrocytic anemia also called? - Answer megaloblastic anemia
What is normochromic macrocytic anemia? - Answer an anemia in which the red blood cells
(erythrocytes) are larger than their normal volume.
What causes normochromic macrocytic anemia? - Answer Defective DNA synthesis due to
deficiencies in vitamin B12 or folate (coenzymes for nuclear maturation and the
DNA synthesis pathway)
What happens to RNA in normochromic macrocytic anemia? - Answer RNA processes occur
at a normal rate which results in unequal growth of the nucleus and cytoplasm
What causes pernicious anemia? - Answer a lack of intrinsic factor from the gastric parietal
cells which is required for vitamin B12 absorption. Results in vitamin B12 deficiency
What are the symptoms in pernicious anemia? - Answer Typical anemia symptoms with
neurologic manifestations such as nerve demyelination. Also loss of appetite, abdominal pain,
beefy red tongue (atrophic glossitis), icterus, splenic enlargement
What is the treatment for pernicious anemia? - Answer Parenteral or high oral doses of
vitamin B12
, What happens to older adults with pernicious anemia? - Answer It is often unrecognized in
older adults due to subtle, slow onset and presentation
What is folate deficiency anemia? - Answer the lack of folic acid in the blood
Where is folate absorbed? - Answer occurs in the upper small intestine
What are the symptoms in folate deficiency anemia? - Answer Similar to pernicious anemia
except neurologic manifestations generally not seen
What is the treatment of folate deficiency anemia? - Answer requires daily oral
administration of folate
What characterizes hypochromic microcytic anemia? - Answer red cells that are abnormally
small and contain reduced amounts of hemoglobin
What is hypochromic microcytic anemia related to? - Answer • Disorders of iron metabolism
• Disorders of porphyrin and heme synthesis
• Disorders of globin synthesis
What is the most common type of anemia? - Answer iron deficiency anemia
What are the different types of iron deficiency anemia? - Answer • Nutritional iron
deficiency
• Metabolic or functional deficiency
What does progression of iron deficiency cause? - Answer Brittle, thin, coarsely ridged, and
spoon-shaped nails. A red, sore, and painful tongue
When does a person become symptomatic in iron deficiency anemia? - Answer Hgb 7-8 g/dl
What is sideroblastic anemia? - Answer a form of anemia in which the bone marrow
produces ringed sideroblasts rather than healthy red blood cells (erythrocytes).
What is the etiology of sideroblastic anemia? - Answer Altered mitochondrial metabolism
causing
All Correct Answers 2025-2026
Updated.
What is polycythemia? - Answer too many RBCs
What is anemia? - Answer Reduction in the total number of erythrocytes in the circulating
blood or in the quality or quantity of hemoglobin
What is the etiology of anemia? - Answer • Impaired erythrocyte production
• Acute or chronic blood loss
• Increased erythrocyte destruction
• Combination of the above
What is mean cell volume (MCV)? - Answer Average volume of RBC in cubic micrometers
What is mean cell hemoglobin (MCH)? - Answer Average content of Hb per RBC
What is mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)? - Answer average concentration of Hb
in given volume of packed RBCs in gm/dL
What is red blood cell distribution width (RWD)? - Answer Coefficient of variation of RBC
volume
What is the size of a RBC? - Answer normocytic, microcytic, macrocytic
What is the color of a RBC? - Answer degree of hemoglobination- normochromic,
hypochromic
What is the shape of a RBC? - Answer spherocytosis, elliptocytosis
What is anisocytosis? - Answer Red cells are present in various sizes
What is poikilocytosis? - Answer Red cells are present in various shapes
,What is the physiologic manifestation of anemia? - Answer Reduced oxygen carrying
capacity
What are classic anemia symptoms? - Answer fatigue, weakness, dyspnea, pallor
What causes anemia? - Answer Due to hypoxemia and tissue hypoxia
What is the effect of anemia on the cardiovascular system? - Answer Increased preload,
heart rate, and stroke volume;
reduced afterload
What is the effect of anemia on the respiratory system? - Answer dyspnea
What is the effect of anemia on the nervous system? - Answer myelin degeneration
What is the effect of anemia on the GI system? - Answer pain, nausea, vomiting, anorexia
What is normochromic macrocytic anemia also called? - Answer megaloblastic anemia
What is normochromic macrocytic anemia? - Answer an anemia in which the red blood cells
(erythrocytes) are larger than their normal volume.
What causes normochromic macrocytic anemia? - Answer Defective DNA synthesis due to
deficiencies in vitamin B12 or folate (coenzymes for nuclear maturation and the
DNA synthesis pathway)
What happens to RNA in normochromic macrocytic anemia? - Answer RNA processes occur
at a normal rate which results in unequal growth of the nucleus and cytoplasm
What causes pernicious anemia? - Answer a lack of intrinsic factor from the gastric parietal
cells which is required for vitamin B12 absorption. Results in vitamin B12 deficiency
What are the symptoms in pernicious anemia? - Answer Typical anemia symptoms with
neurologic manifestations such as nerve demyelination. Also loss of appetite, abdominal pain,
beefy red tongue (atrophic glossitis), icterus, splenic enlargement
What is the treatment for pernicious anemia? - Answer Parenteral or high oral doses of
vitamin B12
, What happens to older adults with pernicious anemia? - Answer It is often unrecognized in
older adults due to subtle, slow onset and presentation
What is folate deficiency anemia? - Answer the lack of folic acid in the blood
Where is folate absorbed? - Answer occurs in the upper small intestine
What are the symptoms in folate deficiency anemia? - Answer Similar to pernicious anemia
except neurologic manifestations generally not seen
What is the treatment of folate deficiency anemia? - Answer requires daily oral
administration of folate
What characterizes hypochromic microcytic anemia? - Answer red cells that are abnormally
small and contain reduced amounts of hemoglobin
What is hypochromic microcytic anemia related to? - Answer • Disorders of iron metabolism
• Disorders of porphyrin and heme synthesis
• Disorders of globin synthesis
What is the most common type of anemia? - Answer iron deficiency anemia
What are the different types of iron deficiency anemia? - Answer • Nutritional iron
deficiency
• Metabolic or functional deficiency
What does progression of iron deficiency cause? - Answer Brittle, thin, coarsely ridged, and
spoon-shaped nails. A red, sore, and painful tongue
When does a person become symptomatic in iron deficiency anemia? - Answer Hgb 7-8 g/dl
What is sideroblastic anemia? - Answer a form of anemia in which the bone marrow
produces ringed sideroblasts rather than healthy red blood cells (erythrocytes).
What is the etiology of sideroblastic anemia? - Answer Altered mitochondrial metabolism
causing
