BIO 245 KLESATH EXAM 1 NCSU QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS

BIO 245 KLESATH EXAM 1 NCSU
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS

3A2reflexA2mechanismsA2thatA2stimulateA2hormoneA2secretionA2-A2Ans--
1.HormonalA2Stimulation:A2stimulusA2forA2releaseA2ofA2hormonesA2byA2theA2bindingA2ofA2a
notherA2hormoneA2(egA2theA2TSHA2fromA2anteriorA2pituitaryA2bindsA2toA2thyroidA2glandA2toA
2releaseA2TH)
2.HumoralA2Stimulation:A2releaseA2ofA2hormoneA2inA2responseA2toA2changeA2ofA2bloodA2n
utrientA2levelsA2(egA2bloodA2glucoseA2levelsA2riseA2soA2insulinA2isA2releasedA2fromA2pancre
as,A2orA2fallA2andA2glucagonA2isA2released)
3.NeuralA2Stimulation:A2directA2stimulationA2fromA2nervousA2systemA2toA2endocrineA2glan
dA2(egA2epinephrineA2andA2norepinephrineA2byA2adrenalA2medullaA2duringA2fightA2orA2flight
)

HormonalA2StimulationA2-A2Ans--
StimulusA2forA2releaseA2ofA2hormonesA2byA2theA2bindingA2ofA2anotherA2hormoneA2(egA2the
A2TSHA2fromA2anteriorA2pituitaryA2bindsA2toA2thyroidA2glandA2toA2releaseA2TH)


HumoralA2StimulationA2-A2Ans--
releaseA2ofA2hormoneA2inA2responseA2toA2changeA2ofA2bloodA2nutrientA2levelsA2(egA2blood
A2glucoseA2levelsA2riseA2soA2insulinA2isA2releasedA2fromA2pancreas,A2orA2fallA2andA2glucag
onA2isA2released)

NeuralA2StimulationA2-A2Ans--
directA2stimulationA2fromA2nervousA2systemA2toA2endocrineA2glandA2(egA2epinephrineA2an
dA2norepinephrineA2byA2adrenalA2medullaA2duringA2fightA2orA2flight)

SteroidsA2-A2Ans--lipidA2solubleA2moleculesA2synthesizedA2byA2cholesterol
1.A2GonadsA2(Estrogen,A2Progesterone,A2Testosterone)
2.A2AdrenalA2CortexA2hormonesA2(CorticosteroidsA2likeA2cortisol,A2mineralocorticoids,A2ald
osterone)

BiogenicA2AminesA2-A2Ans--modifiedA2aminoA2acids,A2waterA2solubleA2(exceptA2thyroid)
1.A2CatecholaminesA2(epinephrineA2andA2norepinephrine)
2.A2ThyroidA2HormoneA2→A2lipidA2solubleA2
3.A2Melatonin

ProteinsA2-A2Ans--mostA2hormones,A2smallA2chainsA2ofA2aminoA2acids,A2waterA2soluble
1.A2SmallA2peptidesA2andA2largeA2polypeptides
2.A2Glycoproteins

LocalA2HormonesA2-A2Ans--
DOA2NOTA2circulateA2inA2blood,A2soA2onlyA2affectA2eitherA2sameA2cellA2thatA2producedA2th
emA2(autocrine)A2orA2neighboringA2cellsA2(Paracrine)

, 1.A2Eicosanoids:A2synthesizedA2throughA2enzymaticA2cascade,A2PhospholipaseA2A2A2rem
ovesA2fattyA2acidA2fromA2phospholipidA2withinA2theA2plasmaA2membrane
-->A2prostaglandins

ProstaglandinsA2-A2Ans---FamousA2eicosanoid
-areA2diverseA2group:A2synthesizedA2byA2mostA2tissuesA2inA2theA2body
-StimulateA2painA2receptors,A2reduceA2fever,A2increaseA2inflammatoryA2response

LipidA2solubleA2hormones:A2-A2Ans--
CanA2crossA2membrane,A2butA2needsA2carrierA2proteinA2whileA2circulatingA2inA2blood,A2on
ceA2unboundA2theyA2canA2enterA2theA2nucleusA2
a.A2HasA2aA2longerA2half-lifeA2bcA2protectedA2byA2carrierA2proteins
b.A2OnceA2insideA2theA2cells,A2hormoneA2bindsA2toA2intracellularA2receptorA2eitherA2inA2nuc
leusA2ofA2cytosol
c.A2OnceA2bound,A2formsA2aA2hormoneA2receptorA2complexA2whichA2interactsA2withA2DNA
A2directlyA2inA2regionsA2calledA2HormoneA2ResponseA2ElementA2(HRE)
d.A2InitiatesA2transcription/translationA2andA2productionA2ofA2aA2newA2protein

WaterA2solubleA2hormonesA2-A2Ans--TravelA2freeA2inA2bloodA2soA2shorterA2half-
life,A2cannotA2enterA2plasmaA2membraneA2soA2bindsA2toA2aA2membraneA2boundA2receptor
a.A2SecondA2messengersA2beginA2aA2signalA2transductionA2pathway,A2whichA2canA2cause
A2anA2amplifiedA2signal


GA2proteinA2activationA2byA2water-solubleA2hormonesA2-A2Ans--
a.A2HormoneA2bindsA2toA2G-ProteinA2andA2activatesA2itA2whenA2GDP→A2GTP
b.A2ActiveA2G-
ProteinA2isA2releasedA2andA2receptorA2movesA2alongA2insideA2plasmaA2mebrane,A2eitherA2
toA2activateA2orA2inhibitA2otherA2intracellularA2cascades

AdenylateA2CyclaseA2-A2Ans--a.A2HormoneA2bindsA2toA2G-
ProteinA2andA2activatesA2itA2whenA2GDP→A2GTP
b.A2ActiveA2G-
ProteinA2isA2releasedA2andA2receptorA2movesA2alongA2insideA2plasmaA2mebrane,A2eitherA2
toA2activateA2orA2inhibitA2otherA2intracellularA2cascades
c.A2UsingA2ATP,A2cAMPA2isA2createdA2andA2activatesA2proteinA2kinaseA2A,A2whichA2willA2p
hosphorylateA2things
→A2smallA2concentrationA2ofA2hormoneA2canA2haveA2largeA2effectA2onA2cell

PhospholipaseA2CA2-A2Ans--i.A2PhospholipaseA2CA2isA2enzymeA2activatedA2byA2G-protein
ii.A2SplitsA2intoA2PIP2A2andA2secondA2messengers,A2DAGA2andA2IP3
iii.A2DAGA2activatesA2kinaseA2C
iv.A2IP3A2leavesA2membraneA2andA2causesA2increaseA2inA2Ca2A2inA2cytosolA2whichA2canA2
directlyA2affectA2orA2actA2asA23rdA2messenger