SGU MSK PRACTICE QUESTIONS FULL
2026 QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
GRADED A+
>> Homeostasis
Answer: maintaining internal environment within physiological limits/steady state, requires ATP
>> steady state
Answer: state does not change with time, requires ATP (ECF/ICF solutes)
>> equilibrium
Answer: same amount of free energy, no ATP (water)
>> negative feedback
Answer: reverses a change in a controlled condition (most homeostatic mechanisms)
>> positive feedback
Answer: amplifies a change in a controlled condition (ovulation/birth/ejaculation/blood clot formation)
>> feed-forward control
Answer: body anticipates a change in a variable before it happens, prepares the body for projected
change
>> set point deviations
Answer: can occur due to circadian rhythm, environmental changes, protective response,
aging/pathological changes
>> osmosis
Answer: movement of water across semi-permeable membrane
>> penetrating solutes
Answer: freely move across cell membrane ( glucose, urea, glycerol)
>> non penetrating solutes
Answer: cannot freely move across cell membrane (sucrose, NaCl, KCl)
>> tonicity
Answer: pressure due to osmotic gradient across cell membrane
>> hypertonic
, Answer: water exits cell, cell shrinks
>> isotonic
Answer: no change, water moves bidirectionally
>> hypotonic
Answer: water enters cell, cell bursts
>> diffusion
Answer: movement down concentration gradient
>> channel-mediated transport
Answer: pores, remain open (water)
>> facilitated diffusion
Answer: Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels
>> active transport
Answer: movement up concentration gradient, requires energy
>> selective ion channel
Answer: some ions, not others
>> conductance
Answer: probability that the channel is open
>> voltage gated channel
Answer: controlled by transmembrane electrical potential (Na/K)
>> ligand gated channel
Answer: controlled by chemical (hormones, second messengers, neurotransmitters)
>> primary active transport
Answer: requires ATP
>> secondary active transport
Answer: uses a pre-existing gradient to drive transport
>> receptor mediated endocytosis
Answer: vesicle binds to specific ligands in ECF, then internalized w/ ligands
2026 QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
GRADED A+
>> Homeostasis
Answer: maintaining internal environment within physiological limits/steady state, requires ATP
>> steady state
Answer: state does not change with time, requires ATP (ECF/ICF solutes)
>> equilibrium
Answer: same amount of free energy, no ATP (water)
>> negative feedback
Answer: reverses a change in a controlled condition (most homeostatic mechanisms)
>> positive feedback
Answer: amplifies a change in a controlled condition (ovulation/birth/ejaculation/blood clot formation)
>> feed-forward control
Answer: body anticipates a change in a variable before it happens, prepares the body for projected
change
>> set point deviations
Answer: can occur due to circadian rhythm, environmental changes, protective response,
aging/pathological changes
>> osmosis
Answer: movement of water across semi-permeable membrane
>> penetrating solutes
Answer: freely move across cell membrane ( glucose, urea, glycerol)
>> non penetrating solutes
Answer: cannot freely move across cell membrane (sucrose, NaCl, KCl)
>> tonicity
Answer: pressure due to osmotic gradient across cell membrane
>> hypertonic
, Answer: water exits cell, cell shrinks
>> isotonic
Answer: no change, water moves bidirectionally
>> hypotonic
Answer: water enters cell, cell bursts
>> diffusion
Answer: movement down concentration gradient
>> channel-mediated transport
Answer: pores, remain open (water)
>> facilitated diffusion
Answer: Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels
>> active transport
Answer: movement up concentration gradient, requires energy
>> selective ion channel
Answer: some ions, not others
>> conductance
Answer: probability that the channel is open
>> voltage gated channel
Answer: controlled by transmembrane electrical potential (Na/K)
>> ligand gated channel
Answer: controlled by chemical (hormones, second messengers, neurotransmitters)
>> primary active transport
Answer: requires ATP
>> secondary active transport
Answer: uses a pre-existing gradient to drive transport
>> receptor mediated endocytosis
Answer: vesicle binds to specific ligands in ECF, then internalized w/ ligands
