1|Page
Test Bank for Pharmacology and the Nursing Process
10th Edition By Linda Lilley, Shelly Collins,Julie
Snyder Chapter 1 58 TEST ||Verified Exam!!|| Most
Recent Exam Actual Complete Real Exam Questions
And Correct Answers (Verified Answers) Already
Graded A+||Newest Exam!!||
Indications and mechanisms of action: is a short-acting
beta2-specific bronchodilating beta agonist. Other similar
drugs include bitolterol (Tornalate), levalbuterol (Xopenex),
pirbuterol (Maxair), and terbutaline (Brethine). Albuterol is
the most commonly used drug in this class. If albuterol is
used too frequently, dose-related adverse effects may be
seen, because albuterol loses its beta2-specific actions,
especially at larger dosages
Contraindications :. As a consequence, the beta1
receptors are stimulated, which causes nausea, increased
anxiety, palpitations, tremors, and an increased heart rate.
Route: po and inhalation
,2|Page
Other facts: levorotatory isomeric form of albuterol,
levalbuterol, is sometimes prescribed as an albuterol
alternative for patients with certain risk factors (e.g.,
tachycardia, including tachycardia associated with
albuterol treatment). (Lilley 583)
Lilley, Linda, Shelly Collins, Julie Snyder. Pharmacology
and the Nursing Process, 8th Edition. Mosby, 022016.
VitalBook file.
long acting beta agonist - Answer-arformoterol (Brovana),
formoterol (Foradil, Perforomist), and salmeterol
(Serevent). The newest long-acting beta agonists are
indacterol (Arcapta Neohaler); vilanterol in conjunction
with fluticasone (Breo Ellipta); and vilanterol in conjunction
with the anticholinergic umeclidinium (Anoro Ellipta)
beta andregenic mechanism of action and drug effect -
Answer-The beta agonists relax and dilate airways by
stimulating the beta2-adrenergic receptors located
throughout the lungs.
582
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There are three subtypes of these drugs, based on their
selectivity for beta2 receptors:
1. Nonselective adrenergic drugs, which stimulate the
beta, beta1 (cardiac), and beta2 (respiratory) receptors.
Example: epinephrine. (NOTE: Epinephrine inhalers were
taken off the market in 2012 because they did not comply
with FDA requirements). Epinephrine is available as a
prefilled syringe for self-administration by patients with
severe allergic reactions and is called EpiPen (Figure 37-
2).
2. Nonselective beta-adrenergic drugs, which stimulate
both beta1 and beta2 receptors. Example: metaproterenol.
3. Selective beta2 drugs, which primarily stimulate the
beta2 receptors. Example: albuterol.
These drugs can also be categorized according to their
routes of administration as oral, injectable, or inhaled. The
various beta agonist bronchodilators are listed in Table 37-
3. The bronchioles are surrounded by smooth muscle.
When the smooth muscle contracts, the airways are
narrowed and the amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide
, 4|Page
exchanged is reduced. The action of beta agonist
bronchodilators begins at the specific receptor stimulated
and ends with the relaxation and dilation of the airways.
However, many reactions must take place at the cellular
level for bronchodilation to occur. When a beta2-
adrenergic receptor is stimulated by a beta agonist,
adenylate cyclase is activated and produces cyclic
adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Adenylate cyclase is
an enzyme needed to make cAMP. The increased levels of
cAMP cause bronchial smooth muscles to relax, which
results in bronchial dilation and increased airflow into and
out of the lungs.
Nonselective adrenergic agonist drugs such as
epinephrine also stimulate alpha-ad
indications of beta andregenics - Answer-The primary
therapeutic effect of the beta agonists is the prevention or
relief of bronchospasm related to bronchial asthma,
bronchitis, and other pulmonary diseases. However, they
are also used for effects outside the respiratory system.
Because some of these drugs have the ability to stimulate
both beta1- and alpha-adrenergic receptors, they may be
used to treat hypotension and shock (see Chapter 18).
Test Bank for Pharmacology and the Nursing Process
10th Edition By Linda Lilley, Shelly Collins,Julie
Snyder Chapter 1 58 TEST ||Verified Exam!!|| Most
Recent Exam Actual Complete Real Exam Questions
And Correct Answers (Verified Answers) Already
Graded A+||Newest Exam!!||
Indications and mechanisms of action: is a short-acting
beta2-specific bronchodilating beta agonist. Other similar
drugs include bitolterol (Tornalate), levalbuterol (Xopenex),
pirbuterol (Maxair), and terbutaline (Brethine). Albuterol is
the most commonly used drug in this class. If albuterol is
used too frequently, dose-related adverse effects may be
seen, because albuterol loses its beta2-specific actions,
especially at larger dosages
Contraindications :. As a consequence, the beta1
receptors are stimulated, which causes nausea, increased
anxiety, palpitations, tremors, and an increased heart rate.
Route: po and inhalation
,2|Page
Other facts: levorotatory isomeric form of albuterol,
levalbuterol, is sometimes prescribed as an albuterol
alternative for patients with certain risk factors (e.g.,
tachycardia, including tachycardia associated with
albuterol treatment). (Lilley 583)
Lilley, Linda, Shelly Collins, Julie Snyder. Pharmacology
and the Nursing Process, 8th Edition. Mosby, 022016.
VitalBook file.
long acting beta agonist - Answer-arformoterol (Brovana),
formoterol (Foradil, Perforomist), and salmeterol
(Serevent). The newest long-acting beta agonists are
indacterol (Arcapta Neohaler); vilanterol in conjunction
with fluticasone (Breo Ellipta); and vilanterol in conjunction
with the anticholinergic umeclidinium (Anoro Ellipta)
beta andregenic mechanism of action and drug effect -
Answer-The beta agonists relax and dilate airways by
stimulating the beta2-adrenergic receptors located
throughout the lungs.
582
,3|Page
There are three subtypes of these drugs, based on their
selectivity for beta2 receptors:
1. Nonselective adrenergic drugs, which stimulate the
beta, beta1 (cardiac), and beta2 (respiratory) receptors.
Example: epinephrine. (NOTE: Epinephrine inhalers were
taken off the market in 2012 because they did not comply
with FDA requirements). Epinephrine is available as a
prefilled syringe for self-administration by patients with
severe allergic reactions and is called EpiPen (Figure 37-
2).
2. Nonselective beta-adrenergic drugs, which stimulate
both beta1 and beta2 receptors. Example: metaproterenol.
3. Selective beta2 drugs, which primarily stimulate the
beta2 receptors. Example: albuterol.
These drugs can also be categorized according to their
routes of administration as oral, injectable, or inhaled. The
various beta agonist bronchodilators are listed in Table 37-
3. The bronchioles are surrounded by smooth muscle.
When the smooth muscle contracts, the airways are
narrowed and the amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide
, 4|Page
exchanged is reduced. The action of beta agonist
bronchodilators begins at the specific receptor stimulated
and ends with the relaxation and dilation of the airways.
However, many reactions must take place at the cellular
level for bronchodilation to occur. When a beta2-
adrenergic receptor is stimulated by a beta agonist,
adenylate cyclase is activated and produces cyclic
adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Adenylate cyclase is
an enzyme needed to make cAMP. The increased levels of
cAMP cause bronchial smooth muscles to relax, which
results in bronchial dilation and increased airflow into and
out of the lungs.
Nonselective adrenergic agonist drugs such as
epinephrine also stimulate alpha-ad
indications of beta andregenics - Answer-The primary
therapeutic effect of the beta agonists is the prevention or
relief of bronchospasm related to bronchial asthma,
bronchitis, and other pulmonary diseases. However, they
are also used for effects outside the respiratory system.
Because some of these drugs have the ability to stimulate
both beta1- and alpha-adrenergic receptors, they may be
used to treat hypotension and shock (see Chapter 18).
