1|Page
NU 545 Advance Pathophysiology Unit 2 Exam-
University of South Alabama ||Verified Exam!!|| Most
Recent Exam Actual Complete Real Exam Questions
And Correct Answers (Verified Answers) Already
Graded A+ | Guaranteed Pass||Newest Exam!!||
When an axon is severed wallerian degeneration occurs in
the portion of the axon distal to the cut:
1) a characteristic swelling appears
2) the neurofilaments hypertrophy
3) the myelin sheath shrinks and disintegrates
4) this axon portion degenerates and disappears.
The myelin sheaths reform into Schwann cells that line up
in a column between the cut and the effector organ. At the
proximal end of the injured axon, similar changes occur
but only as far back as the next node of Ranvier. The cell
body responds to trauma by swelling and then dispersing
the Nissl substance (chrmatolysis). During the repair
process the cell increases in metabolic activity, protein
synthesis, and mitochondrial activity. This process is
limited to myelinated fibers and generally doesn't occur
outside of the PNS. The regeneration of axonal
constituents in the CNS is limited by increased scar
,2|Page
formation and the different nature of myelin formation by
the oligodendrocyte. Nerve regeneration depends on
many factors, such as location of injury, type of injury, the
inflammatory responses, and the process of scarring. The
closer the cell body of the nerve, the greater the chances
that the nerve cell will die and not regenerate. A crushing
injury allows recovery more fully than a cut. Crushed
nerves sometimes recover whereas, cut nerves often form
connective tissue scars that block or slow regenerating
axonal branches.
Know the function of the arachnoid villi. CH 15 pg 451 -
Answer-CSF is reabsorbed in venous circulation through a
pressure gradient between the arachnoid villi and the
cerebral venous sinuses. The arachnoid villi protrude from
the arachnoid space, through the dura mater, and lie
within the blood flow of the venous sinuses. The vili
function as one way valves directing CSF outflow into the
blood but preventing blood flow into the subarachnoid
space.
Review the anatomy of the brain. Which portion is
responsible for keeping you awake, controlling thought,
speech, emotions and behavior, maintaining balance and
posture? CH 15 pg 440 - Answer-The three major
structural divisions of the brain are 1) the forebrain
(prosencephalon) which includes the telencephalon and
,3|Page
diencephalon. 2) the midbrain (the mesencephalon, which
connects the pons to the diencephalic;pn and the includes
the corpora quadrigemina, tegmenjtum and cerebral
peduncles; and 3). the hind brain (rhombencephalon),
which connects the hemispheres of the brain, cerebellum
and spinal cord.
Reticular formation: is collection of nuclei within the
brainstem collectively, and is a large network of diffuse
nuclei that connect the brainstem to the cortex and control
vital reflexes, such as CV function and respiration. It is
essential for maintains wakefulness and attention and thus
us referred to as the reticular activating system.
Cerebral hemisphere: Part frontal lobe: prefrontal area is
responsible for goal oriented behavior/ the ability to
concentrate, short term memory recall, and the elaboration
of thought and inhibition on the limbic (emotional) areas of
the CNS.
The premotor area is involved in programming motor
movements.
, 4|Page
The Broca area in the inferior frontal lobe is an important
center for speech and language processing. Injury to this
area results in difficulty to form words (expressive aphasia/
or dysphasia)
The hind brain: the cerebellum is responsible for reflexive,
involuntary fine tuning of motor control and for maintaining
balance and posture through extensive neural connections
with the medulla and with the midbrain
What nerves are capable of regeneration? CH 15 pg 435-
437 - Answer-Myelinated axons ONLY in the PNS.
What is the function of the CSF? Where is it produced?
Where is it absorbed? CH 15 pg 450 - Answer-Is a clear
colorless fluid. the intracranial and spinal cord structures
float in CSF and are thus protected by this fluid from jolts
and blows. The buoyant properties of CSF also prevent
the brain from tugging on the meninges , nerve roots, and
blood vessels. Aprox 600 ml of CSF is produced daily.
The choroid plexus in the lateral, third and fourth ventricles
produce the major portion of CSF.
NU 545 Advance Pathophysiology Unit 2 Exam-
University of South Alabama ||Verified Exam!!|| Most
Recent Exam Actual Complete Real Exam Questions
And Correct Answers (Verified Answers) Already
Graded A+ | Guaranteed Pass||Newest Exam!!||
When an axon is severed wallerian degeneration occurs in
the portion of the axon distal to the cut:
1) a characteristic swelling appears
2) the neurofilaments hypertrophy
3) the myelin sheath shrinks and disintegrates
4) this axon portion degenerates and disappears.
The myelin sheaths reform into Schwann cells that line up
in a column between the cut and the effector organ. At the
proximal end of the injured axon, similar changes occur
but only as far back as the next node of Ranvier. The cell
body responds to trauma by swelling and then dispersing
the Nissl substance (chrmatolysis). During the repair
process the cell increases in metabolic activity, protein
synthesis, and mitochondrial activity. This process is
limited to myelinated fibers and generally doesn't occur
outside of the PNS. The regeneration of axonal
constituents in the CNS is limited by increased scar
,2|Page
formation and the different nature of myelin formation by
the oligodendrocyte. Nerve regeneration depends on
many factors, such as location of injury, type of injury, the
inflammatory responses, and the process of scarring. The
closer the cell body of the nerve, the greater the chances
that the nerve cell will die and not regenerate. A crushing
injury allows recovery more fully than a cut. Crushed
nerves sometimes recover whereas, cut nerves often form
connective tissue scars that block or slow regenerating
axonal branches.
Know the function of the arachnoid villi. CH 15 pg 451 -
Answer-CSF is reabsorbed in venous circulation through a
pressure gradient between the arachnoid villi and the
cerebral venous sinuses. The arachnoid villi protrude from
the arachnoid space, through the dura mater, and lie
within the blood flow of the venous sinuses. The vili
function as one way valves directing CSF outflow into the
blood but preventing blood flow into the subarachnoid
space.
Review the anatomy of the brain. Which portion is
responsible for keeping you awake, controlling thought,
speech, emotions and behavior, maintaining balance and
posture? CH 15 pg 440 - Answer-The three major
structural divisions of the brain are 1) the forebrain
(prosencephalon) which includes the telencephalon and
,3|Page
diencephalon. 2) the midbrain (the mesencephalon, which
connects the pons to the diencephalic;pn and the includes
the corpora quadrigemina, tegmenjtum and cerebral
peduncles; and 3). the hind brain (rhombencephalon),
which connects the hemispheres of the brain, cerebellum
and spinal cord.
Reticular formation: is collection of nuclei within the
brainstem collectively, and is a large network of diffuse
nuclei that connect the brainstem to the cortex and control
vital reflexes, such as CV function and respiration. It is
essential for maintains wakefulness and attention and thus
us referred to as the reticular activating system.
Cerebral hemisphere: Part frontal lobe: prefrontal area is
responsible for goal oriented behavior/ the ability to
concentrate, short term memory recall, and the elaboration
of thought and inhibition on the limbic (emotional) areas of
the CNS.
The premotor area is involved in programming motor
movements.
, 4|Page
The Broca area in the inferior frontal lobe is an important
center for speech and language processing. Injury to this
area results in difficulty to form words (expressive aphasia/
or dysphasia)
The hind brain: the cerebellum is responsible for reflexive,
involuntary fine tuning of motor control and for maintaining
balance and posture through extensive neural connections
with the medulla and with the midbrain
What nerves are capable of regeneration? CH 15 pg 435-
437 - Answer-Myelinated axons ONLY in the PNS.
What is the function of the CSF? Where is it produced?
Where is it absorbed? CH 15 pg 450 - Answer-Is a clear
colorless fluid. the intracranial and spinal cord structures
float in CSF and are thus protected by this fluid from jolts
and blows. The buoyant properties of CSF also prevent
the brain from tugging on the meninges , nerve roots, and
blood vessels. Aprox 600 ml of CSF is produced daily.
The choroid plexus in the lateral, third and fourth ventricles
produce the major portion of CSF.
