Test Bank- Pediatric Physical Examination: An Illustrated Handbook 4th Edition (Karen G. Duderstadt, 2025) Latest Edition|| All Chapters

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Chapter ss1: ssApproach ssto ssCare ssand ssAssessment ssof ssChildren ssand s s Adolescents

MULTIPLE ssCHOICE

1. Assnurse ssis ssreviewingssdevelopmentalconcepts ssfor ssinfants ssand sschildren. ssWhichssstatement
ss best ssdescribes ssdevelopment ssin ssinfants ssand sschildren?

a. Development, ssa sspredictable ssand ssorderlyssprocess, ssoccurs ssat ssvarying ssrates
sswithin ssnormal sslimits.



b. Development s s is ssprimarilyrelated ss to ssthe ssgrowth ssin ssthe s s number ssand sssize ssofsscells.

c. Development ssoccurs ssin ssa ssproximodistal ssdirection sswith ssfine ssmuscle
ssdevelopment ssoccurring ssfirst.



d. Development s s is s s more sseasilyand ssaccuratelyssmeasured ssthan ssgrowth.


ANS: ssA

Development, ssa sscontinuous ssorderly ssprocess, ssprovides ssthe ssbasis ssfor ssincreases ssin ssthe sschilds
function ssand sscomplexity ssof ssbehavior. ssThe ssincreases ssin ssrate ssof ssfunction ssand sscomplexitysscan
ss


vary ssnormally sswithin s s limits s s for sseach s s child. s s An s s increase s s in s s the ssnumber ssand s s size ssof
ss


ss cells s s is s s a ssdefinition ssfor ssgrowth. ssDevelopment ssproceeds ssin ssa ssproximodistal ssdirection sswith
fine ssmuscle ssorganization s s occurring ssas ssa ssresult ssof sslarge ssmuscle ssorganization. ssDevelopment
ss


is ssa ssmore s s complex ssprocess ssthat ssis ssaffected ssby ssmany ssfactors; sstherefore, ssit ssis ssless sseasily
ss


and ssaccurately ssmeasured. ssGrowth ssis ssa sspredictable ssprocess sswith ssstandard ssmeasurement
ss


methods.
ss




2. Frequent ssdevelopmental ssassessments ssare ssimportant s s for sswhich ssreason?

a. Stable ssdevelopmental ssperiods ssduring ssinfancyssprovide ssan ssopportunityssto
ssidentify ssany ssdelays ssor ssdeficits.



b. Infants ssneed ssstimulation ssspecific ssto ssthe ssstage ssofssdevelopment.

c. Criticalssperiods ssofsdevelopment ssoccur ssduring ss childhood.

d. Childssdevelopment ssis ssunpredictable ssand ssneeds ssmonitoring.

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ANS: ssC

Critical ssperiods ssare ssblocks ssof sstime ssduring sswhich sschildren ssare ssready ssto ssmaster ssspecific
ss developmental sstasks. ssChildren sscan ssmaster ssthese sstasks ssmore sseasily ssduring ssparticular ssperiods
ss of sstime ssin sstheir ssgrowth ssand ssdevelopmental ssprocess. ssInfancy ssis ssa ssdynamic sstime ssof
ss development ssthat ssrequires ssfrequent ssevaluations ssto ssassess ssappropriate ssdevelopmental
ss progress. ssInfants ssin ssa s s nurturing ssenvironment sswill ssdevelop ssappropriately ssand sswill ssnot
ss necessarily ssneed ssstimulation ssspecific ssto sstheir ssdevelopmental ssstage. ssNormal ssgrowth ssand
ss development ssare ssorderly ssand ssproceed ssin ssa sspredictable sspattern sson ssthe ssbasis ssof sseach
ss individuals ssabilities ssand sspotentials.

3. Which ssfactor sshas ssthe ssgreatest ssinfluence sson sschild s s growth ssand ssdevelopment?

a. Culture

b. Environment

c. Genetics

d. Nutrition


ANS: ssC

Genetic ssfactors ss(heredity) ssdetermine sseach ssindividuals ssgrowth ssand ssdevelopmental ssrate.
Although ssfactors sssuch ssas ssenvironment, ssculture, ssnutrition, ssand ssfamily sscan ssinfluence ssgenetic
ss


traits, ssthey ssdo ssnot sseliminate ssthe sseffect ssof ssthe ssgenetic ssendowment, sswhich ssis sspermanent.
ss


Culture ssis ssa sssignificant ssfactor ssthat ssinfluences sshow sschildren ssgrow sstoward ssadulthood.
ss


Culture ssinfluences ssboth ssgrowth ssand ssdevelopment ssbut ssdoes ssnot sseliminate ssinborn ssgenetic
ss


influences. ssEnvironment sshas ssa sssignificant ssrole ssin ssdetermining ssgrowth ssand ssdevelopment
ss


both ssbefore ssand ssafter ssbirth. ssThe ssenvironment sscan ssinfluence sshow ssand ssto sswhich ssextent
ss


genetic sstraits ssare ssmanifested, s s but ssenvironmental ssfactors sscannot sseliminate ssthe sseffect ssof
ss


genetics. ssNutrition ssis sscritical ssfor ssgrowth ssand ssplays ssa sssignificant s s role ssthroughout
ss


childhood.
ss




4. A ss nurse ss is ss planning ss a ss teaching ss session ss with ss a ss child. ss According ss to
ss Piagetian ss theory, ss the ssperiod ss of ss cognitive s s development s s in ss which ss the ss child
s s is s s able ss to s s distinguish s s fact s s from ssfantasy ssis s s the ssperiod ssof sscognitive
ss development.

a. sensorimotor

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b. formal ssoperations

c. concrete ssoperations

d. preoperational


ANS: ssC

Concretessoperations ssis ssthe ssperiodssofscognitive ssdevelopment ssinsswhich sschildrens ssthinking ssis
shifted ssfrom ssegocentric ssto ssbeing ssable ssto sssee ssanothers sspoint ssof ssview. ssThey ssdevelop ssthe
ss


ss ability ssto ssdistinguish ssfact ssfrom ssfantasy. ssThe sssensorimotor ssstage ssoccurs ssin ssinfancy ssand ssis
ss a ssperiod ssof ssreflexive ssbehavior. ssDuring ssthis ssperiod, ssthe ssinfants ssworld ssbecomes ssmore
ss permanent ssand ssorganized. ssThe ssstage ssends sswith ssthe ssinfant ssdemonstrating sssome ssevidence
ss of ssreasoning. ssFormal ssoperations ssis ssa ssperiod ssin ssdevelopment ssin sswhich ssnew ssideas ssare
ss created ssthrough ssprevious ssthoughts. ssAnalytic ssreason ssand ssabstract ssthought ssemerge ssin ssthis
ss period. ssThe sspreoperational ssstage ssis ssa ssperiod ssof ssegocentrism ssin sswhich ssthe sschilds
ss judgments ssare ssillogical ssand ssdominated ssby ssmagical ssthinking ssand ssanimism.

5. Thesstheorist sswho ssviewed ssdevelopmentalprogression ssas ssa sslifelong ssseries ssofsconflicts ssthat
ss need ssresolution ssis:

a. Erikson.

b. Freud.

c. Kohlberg.

d. Piaget.


ANS: ssA

Erik ssErikson ssviewed ssdevelopment ssas ssa ssseries ssof ssconflicts ssaffected ssby sssocial ssand sscultural
ss factors. ssEach ssconflict ssmust ssbe ssresolved ssfor ssthe sschild ssto ssprogress ssemotionally, sswith
ss unsuccessful ssresolution ssleaving ssthe sschild ssemotionally ssdisabled. ssSigmund ssFreud ssproposed ssa
ss psychosexual sstheory ssof ssdevelopment ssin sswhich sscertain ssparts ssof ssthe ssbody ssassume
ss psychological sssignificance ssas ssfoci ssof sssexual ssenergy. ssThe ssfoci ssshift ssas ssthe ssindividual
ss moves ssthrough ssthe ssdifferent ssstages ss(oral, ssanal, ssphallic, sslatency, ssand ssgenital) ssof
ss development. ssLawrence ssKohlberg ssdescribed ssmoral ssdevelopment ssas sshaving ssthree sslevels
ss (preconventional, ssconventional, ssand sspostconventional). ssHis