NR 283 /NR283 PATHO EXAM2 WEEK3,4,5 AND 1. Aortic
2. Pulmonic
FINAL EXAM CHAMBERLAIN COLLEGE EXAM
170 QUESTIONS WITH DETAILED VERIFIED
ANSWERS WITH ELABORATED DIAGRAMSAND
RATIONALES /A+ GRADE ASSURED
What is the primary function of the SA node in the heart? Which valves make up the S1 sound?
A) To slow down the heart rate 1. ________________________
B) To act as a gatekeeper for electrical signals 2. ________________________
C) To initiate electrical impulses that set the rhythm and rate of the heart; "pacemaker" of the heart 1. Bicuspid/mitral
2. Tricuspid
D) To contract and pump blood to the ventricles
C) To initiate electrical impulses that set the rhythm and rate of the heart; "pacemaker" of the heart
What is the term used to describe the filling of the ventricles with blood?
A) Afterload
What is the role of the AV node in the cardiac conduction system?
B) Preload
A) To act as the primary pacemaker of the heart
C) Stroke volume
B) To contract and pump blood into the ventricles
D) Cardiac output
C) To slow the electrical signal before it enters the ventricles
B) Preload
D) To prevent the backflow of blood into the atria
C) To slow the electrical signal before it enters the ventricles
Afterload refers to:
A) The amount of pressure needed to pump blood out of the ventricles; the resistance the left ventricle
Which valves make up the S2 sound? must overcome to pump the blood into circulation
1. ________________________ B) The amount of blood returning to the heart
2. ________________________ C) The volume of blood filling the ventricles before contraction
D) The electrical impulses that set the heart rate
,A) The amount of pressure needed to pump blood out of the ventricles; the resistance the left ventricle A) HR > 100bpm
must overcome to pump the blood into circulation
B) HR < 60bpm
C) Irregular heart contractions
D) Normal heart rhythm
B) HR < 60bpm
Which formula correctly represents cardiac output (CO)?
A) CO = HR + SV (Stroke Volume)
B) CO = HR - SV (Stroke Volume)
C) CO = HR x SV (Stroke Volume)
Which of the following best describes tachycardia?
D) CO = HR / SV (Stroke Volume)
A) HR > 100bpm
C) CO = HR x SV (Stroke Volume)
B) HR < 60bpm
C) Irregular heart contractions
D) Decreased cardiac output
A) HR > 100bpm
What is the primary difference between atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis?
A) Atherosclerosis refers to the hardening of arteries, while arteriosclerosis involves plaque buildup.
B) Atherosclerosis involves plaque buildup that obstructs blood flow, while arteriosclerosis refers to the
hardening of arteries.
Which of the following are common signs and symptoms of bradycardia (HR < 60 bpm)?
C) Atherosclerosis is a type of arteriosclerosis that affects the veins, while arteriosclerosis affects the
arteries. A) Palpitations, high blood pressure, sweating
D) Atherosclerosis results from high blood pressure, while arteriosclerosis results from high cholesterol B) Weakness, fatigue, low blood pressure, change in LOC
levels.
C) Chest pain, shortness of breath, high heart rate
B) Atherosclerosis involves plaque buildup that obstructs blood flow, while arteriosclerosis refers to the
hardening of arteries. D) Dizziness, nausea, high blood pressure
B) Weakness, fatigue, low blood pressure, change in LOC
Which of the following describes bradycardia?
Which of the following are common signs and symptoms of atherosclerosis?
,A) Chest pain, shortness of breath, high heart rate A) Atrial Fibrillation, Ventricular Tachycardia, Asystole, Sinus Bradycardia
B) Fatigue, weakness, pain in legs, absent/weak pulses B) Asystole, Ventricular Fibrillation, Ventricular Tachycardia, Pulseless Electrical Activity (PEA)
C) Dizziness, nausea, high blood pressure C) Sinus Tachycardia, Atrial Flutter, Ventricular Tachycardia, Pulseless Electrical Activity (PEA)
D) Palpitations, sweating, high blood pressure D) Atrial Fibrillation, Pulseless Electrical Activity (PEA), Asystole, Sinus Tachycardia
B) Fatigue, weakness, pain in legs, absent/weak pulses B) Asystole, Ventricular Fibrillation, Ventricular Tachycardia, Pulseless Electrical Activity (PEA)
What happens when the SA node fires too quickly? Which of the following can cause cardiac dysrhythmias/arrhythmias?
A) It leads to a condition called bradycardia, where the heart beats slower than normal. A) Caffeine, electrolyte imbalances (such as Potassium), and drugs (such as cocaine)
B) It results in an irregular heart rhythm known as atrial fibrillation. B) Regular exercise, Balanced diet, and Hydration
C) It leads to a rapid heart rate called tachycardia, where the heart beats faster than normal. C) Proper sleep, Low sodium intake, and Regular medical check-ups
D) It causes the heart to stop beating. D) Stress management, Adequate vitamin intake, and Mild alcohol consumption
C) It leads to a rapid heart rate called tachycardia, where the heart beats faster than normal. A) Caffeine, electrolyte imbalances (such as Potassium), and drugs (such as cocaine)
What happens when the SA node fires too slowly? Which of the following are common signs and symptoms of ventricular tachycardia (V-
tach) and ventricular fibrillation (V-fib)?
A) It leads to a condition called tachycardia, where the heart beats faster than normal.
A) Slow heart rate, fatigue, and high blood pressure
B) It results in an irregular heart rhythm known as atrial fibrillation.
B) Rapid heart rate, chest pain, dizziness/lightheadedness, and loss of consciousness (syncope)
C) It leads to a slow heart rate called bradycardia, where the heart beats slower than normal.
C) Regular heart rhythm, mild chest discomfort, and shortness of breath
D) It causes the heart to stop beating.
D) Normal heart rate, palpitations, and slight fatigue
C) It leads to a slow heart rate called bradycardia, where the heart beats slower than normal.
B) Rapid heart rate, chest pain, dizziness/lightheadedness, and loss of consciousness (syncope)
Which of the following are considered deadly cardiac dysrhythmias/arrhythmias?
, What is the pathophysiology of coronary artery disease (CAD)? B) Age, Hypertension (HTN), Genetics, Tobacco use, Diabetes, Obesity, Sedentary lifestyle,
Hypercholesterolemia, High triglycerides, Metabolic syndrome, Stress, Illicit drug use (cocaine)
A) Increasing blood flow to the myocardial tissue due to atherosclerotic plaque deposits in the coronary
artery
B) Decreasing blood flow (and oxygen as a result) to the myocardial tissue due to atherosclerotic plaque
deposits in the coronary artery
C) Preventing endothelial injury in the coronary artery
D) Reducing heart rate due to atherosclerotic plaque deposits What is the definition of angina?
B) Decreasing blood flow (and oxygen as a result) to the myocardial tissue due to atherosclerotic plaque
A) A chronic inflammatory condition affecting the joints
deposits in the coronary artery
B) A sudden, sharp pain in the lower abdomen
C) Chest pain or discomfort due to reduced blood flow to the heart muscle
D) A severe headache accompanied by visual disturbances
C) Chest pain or discomfort due to reduced blood flow to the heart muscle
Which of the following diagnostics are used to evaluate coronary artery disease (CAD)?
A) Cardiac angiogram, Complete blood count (CBC), Blood glucose levels
B) Cardiac angiogram, Total cholesterol, LDL, vLDL, HDL, Triglycerides, echocardiogram (uses ultrasound
waves to create picture of the heart) What are the characteristics of chronic stable angina?
C) Electrocardiogram (ECG), Blood pressure measurement, Urinalysis A) Unpredictable pain that occurs at rest and is not relieved by medication
D) Echocardiogram, Liver function tests, Bone density scan B) Episodic chest pain provoked by exertion or stress, occurring intermittently over a long period of time
(predictable)
B) Cardiac angiogram, Total cholesterol, LDL, vLDL, HDL, Triglycerides, echocardiogram (uses ultrasound
waves to create a picture of the heart) C) Continuous pain that does not change with rest or medication
D) Sudden sharp pain that occurs randomly and is relieved by physical activity
B) Episodic chest pain provoked by exertion or stress, occurring intermittently over a long period of time
(predictable)
Which of the following are risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD)?
A) Young age, Low blood pressure, Active lifestyle, Low triglycerides
B) Age, Hypertension (HTN), Genetics, Tobacco use, Diabetes, Obesity, Sedentary lifestyle,
Hypercholesterolemia, High triglycerides, Metabolic syndrome, Stress, Illicit drug use (cocaine) What is the underlying cause and relief mechanism for chronic stable angina?
C) Proper diet, Regular exercise, Low stress, Normal cholesterol levels A) Myocardial ischemia caused by O2 supply/demand mismatch, relieved by rest or nitroglycerin (NTG)
D) High vitamin intake, Moderate alcohol consumption, Low sugar intake, Active lifestyleterm-45 B) Myocardial infarction caused by complete blockage of blood flow, relieved by physical activity
2. Pulmonic
FINAL EXAM CHAMBERLAIN COLLEGE EXAM
170 QUESTIONS WITH DETAILED VERIFIED
ANSWERS WITH ELABORATED DIAGRAMSAND
RATIONALES /A+ GRADE ASSURED
What is the primary function of the SA node in the heart? Which valves make up the S1 sound?
A) To slow down the heart rate 1. ________________________
B) To act as a gatekeeper for electrical signals 2. ________________________
C) To initiate electrical impulses that set the rhythm and rate of the heart; "pacemaker" of the heart 1. Bicuspid/mitral
2. Tricuspid
D) To contract and pump blood to the ventricles
C) To initiate electrical impulses that set the rhythm and rate of the heart; "pacemaker" of the heart
What is the term used to describe the filling of the ventricles with blood?
A) Afterload
What is the role of the AV node in the cardiac conduction system?
B) Preload
A) To act as the primary pacemaker of the heart
C) Stroke volume
B) To contract and pump blood into the ventricles
D) Cardiac output
C) To slow the electrical signal before it enters the ventricles
B) Preload
D) To prevent the backflow of blood into the atria
C) To slow the electrical signal before it enters the ventricles
Afterload refers to:
A) The amount of pressure needed to pump blood out of the ventricles; the resistance the left ventricle
Which valves make up the S2 sound? must overcome to pump the blood into circulation
1. ________________________ B) The amount of blood returning to the heart
2. ________________________ C) The volume of blood filling the ventricles before contraction
D) The electrical impulses that set the heart rate
,A) The amount of pressure needed to pump blood out of the ventricles; the resistance the left ventricle A) HR > 100bpm
must overcome to pump the blood into circulation
B) HR < 60bpm
C) Irregular heart contractions
D) Normal heart rhythm
B) HR < 60bpm
Which formula correctly represents cardiac output (CO)?
A) CO = HR + SV (Stroke Volume)
B) CO = HR - SV (Stroke Volume)
C) CO = HR x SV (Stroke Volume)
Which of the following best describes tachycardia?
D) CO = HR / SV (Stroke Volume)
A) HR > 100bpm
C) CO = HR x SV (Stroke Volume)
B) HR < 60bpm
C) Irregular heart contractions
D) Decreased cardiac output
A) HR > 100bpm
What is the primary difference between atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis?
A) Atherosclerosis refers to the hardening of arteries, while arteriosclerosis involves plaque buildup.
B) Atherosclerosis involves plaque buildup that obstructs blood flow, while arteriosclerosis refers to the
hardening of arteries.
Which of the following are common signs and symptoms of bradycardia (HR < 60 bpm)?
C) Atherosclerosis is a type of arteriosclerosis that affects the veins, while arteriosclerosis affects the
arteries. A) Palpitations, high blood pressure, sweating
D) Atherosclerosis results from high blood pressure, while arteriosclerosis results from high cholesterol B) Weakness, fatigue, low blood pressure, change in LOC
levels.
C) Chest pain, shortness of breath, high heart rate
B) Atherosclerosis involves plaque buildup that obstructs blood flow, while arteriosclerosis refers to the
hardening of arteries. D) Dizziness, nausea, high blood pressure
B) Weakness, fatigue, low blood pressure, change in LOC
Which of the following describes bradycardia?
Which of the following are common signs and symptoms of atherosclerosis?
,A) Chest pain, shortness of breath, high heart rate A) Atrial Fibrillation, Ventricular Tachycardia, Asystole, Sinus Bradycardia
B) Fatigue, weakness, pain in legs, absent/weak pulses B) Asystole, Ventricular Fibrillation, Ventricular Tachycardia, Pulseless Electrical Activity (PEA)
C) Dizziness, nausea, high blood pressure C) Sinus Tachycardia, Atrial Flutter, Ventricular Tachycardia, Pulseless Electrical Activity (PEA)
D) Palpitations, sweating, high blood pressure D) Atrial Fibrillation, Pulseless Electrical Activity (PEA), Asystole, Sinus Tachycardia
B) Fatigue, weakness, pain in legs, absent/weak pulses B) Asystole, Ventricular Fibrillation, Ventricular Tachycardia, Pulseless Electrical Activity (PEA)
What happens when the SA node fires too quickly? Which of the following can cause cardiac dysrhythmias/arrhythmias?
A) It leads to a condition called bradycardia, where the heart beats slower than normal. A) Caffeine, electrolyte imbalances (such as Potassium), and drugs (such as cocaine)
B) It results in an irregular heart rhythm known as atrial fibrillation. B) Regular exercise, Balanced diet, and Hydration
C) It leads to a rapid heart rate called tachycardia, where the heart beats faster than normal. C) Proper sleep, Low sodium intake, and Regular medical check-ups
D) It causes the heart to stop beating. D) Stress management, Adequate vitamin intake, and Mild alcohol consumption
C) It leads to a rapid heart rate called tachycardia, where the heart beats faster than normal. A) Caffeine, electrolyte imbalances (such as Potassium), and drugs (such as cocaine)
What happens when the SA node fires too slowly? Which of the following are common signs and symptoms of ventricular tachycardia (V-
tach) and ventricular fibrillation (V-fib)?
A) It leads to a condition called tachycardia, where the heart beats faster than normal.
A) Slow heart rate, fatigue, and high blood pressure
B) It results in an irregular heart rhythm known as atrial fibrillation.
B) Rapid heart rate, chest pain, dizziness/lightheadedness, and loss of consciousness (syncope)
C) It leads to a slow heart rate called bradycardia, where the heart beats slower than normal.
C) Regular heart rhythm, mild chest discomfort, and shortness of breath
D) It causes the heart to stop beating.
D) Normal heart rate, palpitations, and slight fatigue
C) It leads to a slow heart rate called bradycardia, where the heart beats slower than normal.
B) Rapid heart rate, chest pain, dizziness/lightheadedness, and loss of consciousness (syncope)
Which of the following are considered deadly cardiac dysrhythmias/arrhythmias?
, What is the pathophysiology of coronary artery disease (CAD)? B) Age, Hypertension (HTN), Genetics, Tobacco use, Diabetes, Obesity, Sedentary lifestyle,
Hypercholesterolemia, High triglycerides, Metabolic syndrome, Stress, Illicit drug use (cocaine)
A) Increasing blood flow to the myocardial tissue due to atherosclerotic plaque deposits in the coronary
artery
B) Decreasing blood flow (and oxygen as a result) to the myocardial tissue due to atherosclerotic plaque
deposits in the coronary artery
C) Preventing endothelial injury in the coronary artery
D) Reducing heart rate due to atherosclerotic plaque deposits What is the definition of angina?
B) Decreasing blood flow (and oxygen as a result) to the myocardial tissue due to atherosclerotic plaque
A) A chronic inflammatory condition affecting the joints
deposits in the coronary artery
B) A sudden, sharp pain in the lower abdomen
C) Chest pain or discomfort due to reduced blood flow to the heart muscle
D) A severe headache accompanied by visual disturbances
C) Chest pain or discomfort due to reduced blood flow to the heart muscle
Which of the following diagnostics are used to evaluate coronary artery disease (CAD)?
A) Cardiac angiogram, Complete blood count (CBC), Blood glucose levels
B) Cardiac angiogram, Total cholesterol, LDL, vLDL, HDL, Triglycerides, echocardiogram (uses ultrasound
waves to create picture of the heart) What are the characteristics of chronic stable angina?
C) Electrocardiogram (ECG), Blood pressure measurement, Urinalysis A) Unpredictable pain that occurs at rest and is not relieved by medication
D) Echocardiogram, Liver function tests, Bone density scan B) Episodic chest pain provoked by exertion or stress, occurring intermittently over a long period of time
(predictable)
B) Cardiac angiogram, Total cholesterol, LDL, vLDL, HDL, Triglycerides, echocardiogram (uses ultrasound
waves to create a picture of the heart) C) Continuous pain that does not change with rest or medication
D) Sudden sharp pain that occurs randomly and is relieved by physical activity
B) Episodic chest pain provoked by exertion or stress, occurring intermittently over a long period of time
(predictable)
Which of the following are risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD)?
A) Young age, Low blood pressure, Active lifestyle, Low triglycerides
B) Age, Hypertension (HTN), Genetics, Tobacco use, Diabetes, Obesity, Sedentary lifestyle,
Hypercholesterolemia, High triglycerides, Metabolic syndrome, Stress, Illicit drug use (cocaine) What is the underlying cause and relief mechanism for chronic stable angina?
C) Proper diet, Regular exercise, Low stress, Normal cholesterol levels A) Myocardial ischemia caused by O2 supply/demand mismatch, relieved by rest or nitroglycerin (NTG)
D) High vitamin intake, Moderate alcohol consumption, Low sugar intake, Active lifestyleterm-45 B) Myocardial infarction caused by complete blockage of blood flow, relieved by physical activity
