NR 283 /NR283 PATHO EXAM 1, 2, 3 AND A. Macrophages, lymphocytes, and fibroblasts
FINAL EXAM CHAMBERLAIN COLLEGE B. Macrophages - ...ANSWER...A. Macrophages,
lymphocytes, and fibroblasts
EXAM OVER 500 QUESTIONS WITH
DETAILED VERIFIED ANSWERS AND Which are the most predominate proinflammatory factors?
RATIONALES /A+ GRADE ASSURED
A. interleukins
B. RBC
C. WBS - ...ANSWER...A. interleukins
In regards to wound healing, what is primary union? -
What reaction in the body inhibits bacterial growth and causes
...ANSWER...Wound edges can be matched together with
the liver and spleen to remove iron in the body that some
serum and regeneration of tissue and connecting capillaries,
bacteria use for growth? - ...ANSWER...fever
fibroblasts, and laying of collagen that pulls the sides together
when they shrink. There is typically very little tissue loss
What do cells release when they are attacked by viruses? -
(e.g., surgical skin incision).
...ANSWER...inferferons
In regards to wound healing, what is secondary union? -
Where do interferons travel to and why? - ...ANSWER...They
...ANSWER...It is a greater area of tissue loss and more
spread the infected cells to trigger the making of enzymes that
inflammation. Greater amounts of tissue replacement, scar
would inhibit the viral replication
formation, and wound contraction result in a more lengthy
healing process (e.g., late stage pressure ulcer).
What system with about 20 blood plasma proteins gets
activated to attack the bacteria, causing it to let water into the
A client receiving an influenza vaccine (flu shot) asks when
bacteria's cell to swell, burst, and die? - ...ANSWER...the
the immunization will be effective. The nurse response based
complement system
on the knowledge that after receiving the vaccine, the levels
of immunoglobulin M (IgM) are high enough to provide
What is the process called that starts with vasodilation;
immunization (select all that apply)
increases permeability of vessels for the WBCs, macrophages,
and plasma to go to the foreign cells; and forms a coat around
A. in 7 days
the microbe to kill them? - ...ANSWER...phagocytosis
B. after 24 hours
C. in 10 days
Interleukin six is produced primarily by which type of cell?
D. in 48 hours
,E. in 14 days (liquefaction necrosis), cell proteins being altered or
F. immediately - ...ANSWER...A. in 7 days denatured (coagulative necrosis), breakdown of fats by
C. in 10 days enzymes (fat necrosis), or formative of a thick "cheesy"
E. in 14 days substance that later leads to liquefication (caseous necrosis)
And elderly client is concerned about catching influenza. The Apoptosis - ...ANSWER...programmed cell death
nurse understands that which immune system function
changes occur with increased age? (select all that apply) gangrene - ...ANSWER...an are of ischemic and necrotic
tissue that has been invaded by bacteria
A. Decreased levels of circulating autoantibodies
B. Increased thymic hormone production CJ is having surgery next week to remove a malignant breast
C. Diminished T cell function tumor following discovery of a lump in the breast and a
D. Reduced antibody response - ...ANSWER...C. Diminished biopsy. her mother and aunt have had breast cancer. CJ is
T cell function taking medication for high blood pressure.
D. Reduced antibody response
Match the significant information in the preceding question to
the appropriate term: diagnosis, medical history, etiology,
differentiate between the terms metaplasia and malignant prognosis, benign neoplasm, iatrogenic, signs, complication,
neoplasm - ...ANSWER...METAPLASIA - occurs when one treatment, cancer, examination of living tissue. (some terms
mature cell type is replaced by different mature cell type is may not be used or may be used more than once) -
functional ...ANSWER...malignant breast tumor and high blood pressure
= diagnosis
MALIGNANT NEOPLASM - referred to as cancer and
involve dysplastic tissues high blood pressure and family cancer = medical history
Describe the changes in a cell that lead to: medication = treatment
A. loss of function
B. necrosis - ...ANSWER...A. LOSS OF FUNCTION - surgery = treatment and diagnosis
preceded by changes in so metabolism because of changes in
structure and function biopsy = examination of living tissue
B. NECROSIS - the death of groups of cells caused by
processes such as cells being liquefied by certain enzymes
,Describe the locations of intracellular and extracellular fluids
- ...ANSWER...INTRACELLULAR FLUID: fluid contained state the primary location (compartment) of potassium -
within the cells ...ANSWER...the primary location of potassium is in the
intracellular compartment
EXTRACELLULAR: includes all fluids outside the cells,
such as blood, interstitial fluid, CSF, digestive tract secretions, how are sodium and potassium levels controlled in the body? -
plural fluid, and lymph ...ANSWER...I'll Doster own in the kidney control sodium
and potassium levels through the exchange of Na+ and K+ in
which makes up the higher proportion of body fluid: the renal tubes
intracellular fluid or extracellular fluid? -
...ANSWER...intracellular fluid makes up the higher describe the signs and symptoms of hypocalcemia -
proportion of body fluid ...ANSWER...Signs and symptoms of hypocalcemia include
skeletal muscle twitches and tetany numbness in tingling in
how does the proportion of fluid in the body change with age? the face and fingers and weak cardiac contraction
- ...ANSWER...The proportion of fluid in the body decreases
throughout the lifespan describe how a deficit of vitamin D would affect:
A. bones
Why does dehydration affect cell function? - B. serum calcium level - ...ANSWER...A. vitamin D deficit
...ANSWER...dehydration affects cell function because the would lead to bone demineralization and decrease bone
transport of nutrients into the cell and removal of wastes from density
cell are decreased impairing cell metabolism and function
B. a low serum calcium level
Is the function of sodium ion in the body? -
...ANSWER...Sodium ions help me teen extracellular fluid (as explain how hypochloremia affects acid-base balance -
the major cation exerting osmotic pressure), contribute to ...ANSWER...Hypochloremia leads to increased serum
neuromuscular function and play a role an acid-base balance bicarbonate levels as bicarbonate moves out of the red blood
in metabolic processes cells to maintain an electrochemical neutrality by making up
for a low chloride level. Increased serum bicarbonate results
Describe the effect of hypernatremia on extracellular fluid in higher serum pH or alkalosis
volume and on intracellular fluid volume -
...ANSWER...Hypernatremia tends to increase extracellular state the normal range for pH for:
fluid volume by drawing water out of the cells thus decreasing A. blood
intracellular volume B. urine - ...ANSWER...A. blood 7.35 - 7.45
, What is an example of an autosomal-dominant disease? -
B. urine 4.5 - 8 ...ANSWER...Huntington's disease
Describe how very slow, shallow respirations are likely to What is an example of an autosomal-recessive disease? -
affect: ...ANSWER...Cystic fibrosis
A. PCO2
B. serum pH - ...ANSWER...A. increase PCO2 What is an example of an X-linked condition? -
B. decrease serum pH (increase carbonic acid) ...ANSWER...Red - green color blindness
state 3 possible causes of metabolic acidosis - What is an example of multifactorial inheritance? -
...ANSWER...Metabolic acidosis may occur with infection ...ANSWER...Pyloric stenosis
(increased BMR), renal disease (retention of acids), severe
vomiting or diarrhea (loss of bicarbonate and increased acids), Knowing physiologic signs of injury you might expect the
starvation, or diabetic ketoacidosis (increased acid following system is consistent with systemic manifestations of
production). cellular injury during a myocardial infarction (select all that
apply)
A diabeitc client is producing excess amounts of ketoacids.
A. describe the effects of this excess on serum bicarbonate A. Elevated aspartate
levels and serum pH. aminotransferase (AST/SGOT)
B. explain the possible compensation for this imbalance C. Increased leukocytes
C. describe the signs of this compensation - ...ANSWER...A. D. Pain
Ketoacids bind with bicarbonate ions, decreasing serum E. Increase heart rate
bicarbonate and serum pH. F. Fever
B. Respirations increase. Kidneys excrete more acids and G. Elevated Creatinine Kinase
increase bicarbonate production and reabsorption. H. Elevated alanin aminostransferase (ALT/SGPT) -
C. Rate and depth of breathing increase, and urine has a low ...ANSWER...A. elevated aspartate
pH (pH = 5). aminotransferase
C. increased leukocytes
In regards to chromosomal mutation, nondisjunction is known E. increased HR
as what? - ...ANSWER...Failure of homologous chromosomes G. elevated creatinine kinase
to separate during cell division H. elevated alanin aminostransferase
FINAL EXAM CHAMBERLAIN COLLEGE B. Macrophages - ...ANSWER...A. Macrophages,
lymphocytes, and fibroblasts
EXAM OVER 500 QUESTIONS WITH
DETAILED VERIFIED ANSWERS AND Which are the most predominate proinflammatory factors?
RATIONALES /A+ GRADE ASSURED
A. interleukins
B. RBC
C. WBS - ...ANSWER...A. interleukins
In regards to wound healing, what is primary union? -
What reaction in the body inhibits bacterial growth and causes
...ANSWER...Wound edges can be matched together with
the liver and spleen to remove iron in the body that some
serum and regeneration of tissue and connecting capillaries,
bacteria use for growth? - ...ANSWER...fever
fibroblasts, and laying of collagen that pulls the sides together
when they shrink. There is typically very little tissue loss
What do cells release when they are attacked by viruses? -
(e.g., surgical skin incision).
...ANSWER...inferferons
In regards to wound healing, what is secondary union? -
Where do interferons travel to and why? - ...ANSWER...They
...ANSWER...It is a greater area of tissue loss and more
spread the infected cells to trigger the making of enzymes that
inflammation. Greater amounts of tissue replacement, scar
would inhibit the viral replication
formation, and wound contraction result in a more lengthy
healing process (e.g., late stage pressure ulcer).
What system with about 20 blood plasma proteins gets
activated to attack the bacteria, causing it to let water into the
A client receiving an influenza vaccine (flu shot) asks when
bacteria's cell to swell, burst, and die? - ...ANSWER...the
the immunization will be effective. The nurse response based
complement system
on the knowledge that after receiving the vaccine, the levels
of immunoglobulin M (IgM) are high enough to provide
What is the process called that starts with vasodilation;
immunization (select all that apply)
increases permeability of vessels for the WBCs, macrophages,
and plasma to go to the foreign cells; and forms a coat around
A. in 7 days
the microbe to kill them? - ...ANSWER...phagocytosis
B. after 24 hours
C. in 10 days
Interleukin six is produced primarily by which type of cell?
D. in 48 hours
,E. in 14 days (liquefaction necrosis), cell proteins being altered or
F. immediately - ...ANSWER...A. in 7 days denatured (coagulative necrosis), breakdown of fats by
C. in 10 days enzymes (fat necrosis), or formative of a thick "cheesy"
E. in 14 days substance that later leads to liquefication (caseous necrosis)
And elderly client is concerned about catching influenza. The Apoptosis - ...ANSWER...programmed cell death
nurse understands that which immune system function
changes occur with increased age? (select all that apply) gangrene - ...ANSWER...an are of ischemic and necrotic
tissue that has been invaded by bacteria
A. Decreased levels of circulating autoantibodies
B. Increased thymic hormone production CJ is having surgery next week to remove a malignant breast
C. Diminished T cell function tumor following discovery of a lump in the breast and a
D. Reduced antibody response - ...ANSWER...C. Diminished biopsy. her mother and aunt have had breast cancer. CJ is
T cell function taking medication for high blood pressure.
D. Reduced antibody response
Match the significant information in the preceding question to
the appropriate term: diagnosis, medical history, etiology,
differentiate between the terms metaplasia and malignant prognosis, benign neoplasm, iatrogenic, signs, complication,
neoplasm - ...ANSWER...METAPLASIA - occurs when one treatment, cancer, examination of living tissue. (some terms
mature cell type is replaced by different mature cell type is may not be used or may be used more than once) -
functional ...ANSWER...malignant breast tumor and high blood pressure
= diagnosis
MALIGNANT NEOPLASM - referred to as cancer and
involve dysplastic tissues high blood pressure and family cancer = medical history
Describe the changes in a cell that lead to: medication = treatment
A. loss of function
B. necrosis - ...ANSWER...A. LOSS OF FUNCTION - surgery = treatment and diagnosis
preceded by changes in so metabolism because of changes in
structure and function biopsy = examination of living tissue
B. NECROSIS - the death of groups of cells caused by
processes such as cells being liquefied by certain enzymes
,Describe the locations of intracellular and extracellular fluids
- ...ANSWER...INTRACELLULAR FLUID: fluid contained state the primary location (compartment) of potassium -
within the cells ...ANSWER...the primary location of potassium is in the
intracellular compartment
EXTRACELLULAR: includes all fluids outside the cells,
such as blood, interstitial fluid, CSF, digestive tract secretions, how are sodium and potassium levels controlled in the body? -
plural fluid, and lymph ...ANSWER...I'll Doster own in the kidney control sodium
and potassium levels through the exchange of Na+ and K+ in
which makes up the higher proportion of body fluid: the renal tubes
intracellular fluid or extracellular fluid? -
...ANSWER...intracellular fluid makes up the higher describe the signs and symptoms of hypocalcemia -
proportion of body fluid ...ANSWER...Signs and symptoms of hypocalcemia include
skeletal muscle twitches and tetany numbness in tingling in
how does the proportion of fluid in the body change with age? the face and fingers and weak cardiac contraction
- ...ANSWER...The proportion of fluid in the body decreases
throughout the lifespan describe how a deficit of vitamin D would affect:
A. bones
Why does dehydration affect cell function? - B. serum calcium level - ...ANSWER...A. vitamin D deficit
...ANSWER...dehydration affects cell function because the would lead to bone demineralization and decrease bone
transport of nutrients into the cell and removal of wastes from density
cell are decreased impairing cell metabolism and function
B. a low serum calcium level
Is the function of sodium ion in the body? -
...ANSWER...Sodium ions help me teen extracellular fluid (as explain how hypochloremia affects acid-base balance -
the major cation exerting osmotic pressure), contribute to ...ANSWER...Hypochloremia leads to increased serum
neuromuscular function and play a role an acid-base balance bicarbonate levels as bicarbonate moves out of the red blood
in metabolic processes cells to maintain an electrochemical neutrality by making up
for a low chloride level. Increased serum bicarbonate results
Describe the effect of hypernatremia on extracellular fluid in higher serum pH or alkalosis
volume and on intracellular fluid volume -
...ANSWER...Hypernatremia tends to increase extracellular state the normal range for pH for:
fluid volume by drawing water out of the cells thus decreasing A. blood
intracellular volume B. urine - ...ANSWER...A. blood 7.35 - 7.45
, What is an example of an autosomal-dominant disease? -
B. urine 4.5 - 8 ...ANSWER...Huntington's disease
Describe how very slow, shallow respirations are likely to What is an example of an autosomal-recessive disease? -
affect: ...ANSWER...Cystic fibrosis
A. PCO2
B. serum pH - ...ANSWER...A. increase PCO2 What is an example of an X-linked condition? -
B. decrease serum pH (increase carbonic acid) ...ANSWER...Red - green color blindness
state 3 possible causes of metabolic acidosis - What is an example of multifactorial inheritance? -
...ANSWER...Metabolic acidosis may occur with infection ...ANSWER...Pyloric stenosis
(increased BMR), renal disease (retention of acids), severe
vomiting or diarrhea (loss of bicarbonate and increased acids), Knowing physiologic signs of injury you might expect the
starvation, or diabetic ketoacidosis (increased acid following system is consistent with systemic manifestations of
production). cellular injury during a myocardial infarction (select all that
apply)
A diabeitc client is producing excess amounts of ketoacids.
A. describe the effects of this excess on serum bicarbonate A. Elevated aspartate
levels and serum pH. aminotransferase (AST/SGOT)
B. explain the possible compensation for this imbalance C. Increased leukocytes
C. describe the signs of this compensation - ...ANSWER...A. D. Pain
Ketoacids bind with bicarbonate ions, decreasing serum E. Increase heart rate
bicarbonate and serum pH. F. Fever
B. Respirations increase. Kidneys excrete more acids and G. Elevated Creatinine Kinase
increase bicarbonate production and reabsorption. H. Elevated alanin aminostransferase (ALT/SGPT) -
C. Rate and depth of breathing increase, and urine has a low ...ANSWER...A. elevated aspartate
pH (pH = 5). aminotransferase
C. increased leukocytes
In regards to chromosomal mutation, nondisjunction is known E. increased HR
as what? - ...ANSWER...Failure of homologous chromosomes G. elevated creatinine kinase
to separate during cell division H. elevated alanin aminostransferase
