BIO 210 Chapter 5 Exam Questions with Complete Solutions 2026

BIO 210 Chapter 5 Exam Questions with Complete Solutions 2026 epidermis - answer-superficial region of skin composed of epithelial cells dermis - answer-middle region of skin composed mainly of fibrous connective tissue (fibroblasts) and occasionally mast cells as well as white blood cells hypodermis - answer-subcutaneous layer deep to skin composed mainly of adipose tissue, not technically part of the skin keratinocytes - answer-cells in epidermis that produce fibrous protein keratin; dead at the surface and held together by desmosomes when alive melanocytes - answer-cells deep in epidermis that produce pigment melanin and protect nucleus of keratinocytes from UV radiation dendritic (langerhans) - answer-cells in epidermis that are macrophages and help activate immune system by presenting antigens to immune system cells tactile (merkel) - answer-cells in epidermis that are touch receptors and the only type of touch receptors in epidermis basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum and corneum - answer-strata of epidermis from basement membrane to apical surfacestratum basale - answer-stratum with single row of stem cells and deepest epidermal layer, contains melanocytes stratum spinosum - answer-stratum with cells and web-like system of intermediate pre keratin filaments attached to desmosomes with abundant melanin granules and dendritic (langerhan) cells stratum granulosum - answer-stratum with three to five cell layers of flattened cells with cytoplasm that contains granules of keratohyaline and lamellate granules keratohyaline - answer-forms keratin in superficial layers of epidermis lamellate granules - answer-exocytosed to form lamellate layers in interstitial spaces and a type of glycolipid stratum lucidum - answer-stratum present in thick skin only and compromised of a few rows of flat, dead keratinocytes (thin, transparent band) stratum corneum - answer-stratum with layers of dead, flat keratinized cells and interstitial spaces filled with lamellate layers cementing them together, results in most of protective features attributed to integumentary system papillary (upper) and reticular (deeper) - answer-two layers of dermis papillary layer - answer-layer of dermis connected to epidermis and composed of areolar connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers and blood vesselsdermal papillae - answer-located in superior region of papillary layer and contain capillary loops, meissner's corpuscles (light touch) and free nerve endings; push up overlying epidermis creating friction ridges reticular layer - answer-deep layer of dermis and accounts for 80% of dermis comprised of dense irregular connective tissue (collagen for strength/resiliency and elastic for stretch/recoil) eccrine and apocrine - answer-two main types of sweat glands eccrine - answer-simple tubular sweat gland abundant on palms, soles and forehead and empties onto surface of skin (pore); functions in thermoregulation apocrine - answer-sweat glands connected to hair follicles located in axillary and anogenital area that produce sweat with fatty substances and proteins medulla, cortex and cuticle - answer-three layers of hair medulla - answer-central core of hair with large cells and air space cortex - answer-surrounds medulla in hair with several layers of flattened cells cuticle - answer-outer layer of hair with overlapping cells, provides strength and maintains structure of inner layers lunule - answer-region overlying nail matrix eponychium - answer-proximal nail fold or cuticlehyponychium - answer-region under free edge of nail chemical, biological and physical - answer-three ways the skin functions for protection chemical barrier - answer-low pH secretions from acid mantle, compound from sweat and sebum retard bacterial activity and melanin biological barrier - answer-dendritic cells (langerhan), macrophages and DNA (dissipates heat into water molecules) physical barrier - answer-mostly waterproof with limited penetration by lipid-soluble substances such as poison ivy, steroid hormones, solvents, salts of heavy metal and vitamins body temperature regulation - answer-skin function of routine insensible perspiration and sensible perspirations at elevated temperatures cutaneous sensations - answer-skin function of merkel cells, meissner's corpuscles and pacinian corpuscles metabolic functions - answer-skin function of synthesizing vitamin D and conversion of carcinogens/hormones blood reservoir - answer-skin function of holding up to 5% of body's blood volume excretion - answer-skin function of riding the body of nitrogenous waste and salt in sweatprotection, body temperature, sensations, metabolic, blood reservoir and excretion - answer-six functions of integumentary system